Activity 1.1.5 ELISA 1. Explain why the antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. The antibodies are specific to the antigen they destroy. 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in the ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate and turns the solution blue. 3. Disease samples from two patients are collected and subjected to serial dilutions before
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In Human Body Systems‚ you investigated the workings of the immune system and learned how antibodies‚ specific proteins produced in response to invading antigens‚ circulate to keep us healthy. Antibodies seek out and attach themselves to invaders‚ flagging them for destruction by the immune system. These antigens are molecules foreign to the body and can include bacteria‚ viruses and fungi. Since antibodies are extremely specific to the antigens they attack‚ these proteins can be used in the laboratory
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1) Basic principle behind Antibody-Phage Display In antibody phage display‚ the gene encoding for an antibody is inserted into the phage coat gene of a bacteriophage. In this way‚ the bacteriophage is expected to express said antibody on its surface while containing the antibody’s gene in the phage’s genetic material. Because the antibody is now expressed on the surface of the phage‚ it is free to interact with other molecules (immobilized antigens). The antibody-displaying bacteriophage are
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vaccines to fight breast cancer is relatively new‚ however‚ and still considered experimental. A vaccine for breast cancer may consist of an antigen cocktail of weakened or essentially dead elements of breast cancer cells that could stimulate an antibody response. The cancer vaccine might be prepared from your own deactivated cancer cells‚ or from extracts of breast cancer cells cultivated in a laboratory. Vaccines like this are only available in clinical trials. But as soon as these vaccines are
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known to contain the antibodies that is special only for the antigen that has been added on originally. This is called secondary antibody and it recognizes and binds to the heavy chain of primary antibody. Then the substrate for the enzymes is added on. Quite often‚ the substrate changes color on reaction to the enzyme. Finally‚ if the serum has greater concentration of the basic antibodies‚ the change in color would also be great. ELISA is so sensitive because each primary antibody contains several
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Fluid Reabsorption There is a small net loss of fluid because of the difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. The lymphatic system picks up fluid that leaks out of the capillaries and returns it to the circulation. Lymphatic capillaries start in capillary beds Lymphatic capillaries snake their way through capillary beds to pick up the excess fluid and return it back to the venous circulation. As fluid pressure increases‚ it forces open little flaps in the lymphatic capillaries
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you had a “false negative” result. What does this mean for the rest of your results? Negative result with a positive control is a false negative so the results are not true. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Technique 4. Why is this technique a direct method? Because of the comjugation of an antibody with flurescent dye 5. What is an elementary body? Its an infectious particle of any of several microorganisms. 6. How do elementary bodies look under the fluorescent microscope? Red‚ with
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Bacterium | Diarrhoea | Fluid replacement | Diphtheria | Bacterium | By air‚ or contact with bleeding | Inject antitoxin | Malaria | Protist | Fever‚ sweating‚ collapse | Anti-malaria drugs | Tetanus | Bacterium | ‘lock jaw’‚ muscular spasms | Inject antibodies | Tuberculosis | Bacterium | Through the air | Rest‚ antibiotics | Deficiency diseases are caused by lack of essential nutrients‚ e.g. in animals: anaemia‚ goitre‚ scurvy. Vitamins Needed in the Body Vitamins
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Treatment Doxycycline is the first line treatment for all adults‚ and for children with severe illness. Treatment should be initiated immediately whenever Q fever is suspected. Use of antibiotics other than doxycycline or other tetracyclines is associated with a higher risk of severe illness. Doxycycline is most effective at preventing severe complications from developing if it is started early in the course of disease. Therefore‚ treatment must be based on clinical suspicion alone and should
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researchers can’t find a reason why Lupus occurs. Some researchers believe there is not one specific cause but‚ there are probably multiple factors. Several different single genes increase the risk for Lupus by increasing the body’s ability to make antibodies. The most common ages for the onset of Lupus are between 18 and 55‚ even though this disease can occur before or after these ages. Most people believe that this disease only occurs in women but men also get this sickness. A ration of men to women
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