viewed either positively or negatively depending upon the cutlure (p. 36) - Know Mary Midgley’s definition of ’moral isolationism’ (p. 37) Key terms: statement premises conclusion deductive inductive valid invalid Key ideas: modus ponens modus tollens Hypothetical syllogism implied premises Fallacies: appeal to authority appeal to ignorance straw man appeal to the person hasty generalization Chapter 4: The Power of Moral Theories Reading: pages 65-75 Key terms: moral
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Arguments are an integral part of human society‚ and structuring these arguments properly is important to emphasize a point. In the documentary I Can Change Your Mind About Climate‚ many legitimate and illegitimate arguments are put forward to the viewer. Some of these arguments are structurally wrong‚ and in some of them the premises are not relevant to the conclusion. The purpose of the documentary was for the two main protagonists‚ Anna Rose and Nick Minchin to try and change each others minds
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How do we know we are not dreaming some particular experience we are having‚ or we are not dreaming all our experience of this world? When we dream we imagine things happening often with the same sense of reality as we do when we are awake. In Descartes dream argument‚ he states there are no reliable signs distinguishing sleeping from waking. In his dream argument‚ he is not saying we are merely dreaming all of what we experience‚ nor‚ is he saying we can distinguish dreaming from being awake
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then B. A. Therefore‚ B. This pattern‚ as we have seen‚ is called modus ponens. Arguments with this pattern consist of one conditional premise‚ a second premise that asserts as true the antecedent (the if part) of the conditional‚ and a conclusion that asserts as true the consequent (the then part) of the conditional. Other common varieties of hypothetical syllogisms include • chain argument • modus tollens (denying the consequent) • denying the antecedent • affirming the
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have fast cars. d) All fast cars consume a lot of petrol. Use predicate logic and inference rules to draw the conclusion “Reema’s car consumed a lot of petrol”. a. List any two knowledge representation techniques. b. Write Modus Ponens rule. c. Define disjunctive normal form with suitable example. 2. Consider given sentences: It is crime to steal Ram stole in exam Is Ram criminal? Write above sentences in First Order Predicate calculus and use resolution algorithm
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Chapter 2: The Logic of Compound Statements August 16‚ 2011 Outline 1 2.1 Logical Form and Logical Equivalence 2 2.2 Conditional Statements 3 2.3 Valid and Invalid Arguments 4 2.4 Application: Digital Logic Circuits • Central notion of deductive logic: argument form • Argument: sequence of statements whose goal is to establish the truth of an assertion • The assertion at the end of the sequence is called the conclusion while the preceding statements in an argument
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Section 1.1 Propositional Logic 1 CHAPTER 1 The Foundations: Logic and Proofs SECTION 1.1 Propositional Logic 2. Propositions must have clearly defined truth values‚ so a proposition must be a declarative sentence with no free variables. a) This is not a proposition; it’s a command. b) This is not a proposition; it’s a question. c) This is a proposition that is false‚ as anyone who has been to Maine knows. d) This is not a proposition; its truth value depends on the value of
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Chapter 1 Philosophy means philein: love and sophia: wisdom‚ the love or pursuit of wisdom Philosophy beings with wonder‚ a search for the answer to a greater question Philosophy is a dynamic process‚ the dynamic nature of philosophical thinking‚ a process that is dialectical in the sense that ideas are continually analyzed in terms of their opposites‚ with the ultimate goal of creating a more enlightened synthesis The ultimate aim of philosophy is the goals is 1. the complete liberty of the
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[pic] PCR0025 Critical Thinking All Foundation ONLINE NOTES Topic 3: Argumentation • Argument is a claim put forward and defended with reasons. • Arguments are composed of: 1. Premises 2. Conclusion • Statement: A sentence that can sensibly be regarded as either true or false. • 2 things about statements: 1. A sentence may be used to express more than one statement. 2. Not all sentences are statements
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in the maximization of happiness of humans and extends this thought to the nonhuman inhabitants of Earth. Singer‚ believes that all animals should be granted moral status‚ similar to that of the human inhabitants. He presents his argument in a modus ponens form. His conclusion of‚ that nonhuman entities should be given the same amount of moral consideration as human entities is reached though his presentation of premises that if an entity can suffer‚ then its suffering must be given similar moral
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