Section 1.1 Propositional Logic 1 CHAPTER 1 The Foundations: Logic and Proofs SECTION 1.1 Propositional Logic 2. Propositions must have clearly defined truth values‚ so a proposition must be a declarative sentence with no free variables. a) This is not a proposition; it’s a command. b) This is not a proposition; it’s a question. c) This is a proposition that is false‚ as anyone who has been to Maine knows. d) This is not a proposition; its truth value depends on the value of
Premium Logic
[pic] PCR0025 Critical Thinking All Foundation ONLINE NOTES Topic 3: Argumentation • Argument is a claim put forward and defended with reasons. • Arguments are composed of: 1. Premises 2. Conclusion • Statement: A sentence that can sensibly be regarded as either true or false. • 2 things about statements: 1. A sentence may be used to express more than one statement. 2. Not all sentences are statements
Free Logic Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
four years ago‚ when I stood on this stage‚ I said that I would cut taxes for middle-class families. And that’s exactly what I did. We cut taxes for middle class families about $3‚600.” This statement is a deductive argument categorized as Modus Ponens. It follows a simple equation of [if p then q][p][therefor q] If we look at Obama’s quoted we can see the for of this argument plainly using some basic knowledge that he was previously elected president. When I stood on this stage‚ I said
Premium
Philosophy is the systematic explanation. Science is description‚ generalization‚ or law and demands a single explanation‚ which is philosophy. The explanation which philosophy offers is what must be the case in order for something to be as it is. Thales was an astronomer who was the first to predict an eclipse of the sun in 585 B.C. Thales said that the universe is one thing which was water‚ or matter. Thales lived in Miletus‚ then part of Greece and now present day Turkey. Herakleitos said
Premium Logic
Aquina’s five objections and responses have practically the same structure. The difference lies in the fact that in the last two ways‚ that of Aquinas‚ does not mention the impossibility of infinitely infinite series‚ although they are assumed. Certain authors belonging to the Modern Age (epistemological paradigm) have questioned the conclusion about the existence of God undermining the premises of the five Thomistic demonstrations. You have seen how Hume’s critique of the idea of causality renders
Premium Metaphysics Aristotle Existence
” * Consequently‚ “How can we be sure our brain isn’t being tricked by some simulation to believe things are real‚ when they aren’t? This is how matrix proposes the challenge of epistemological skepticism. * Hallucination argument: Modus Tollens‚ question soundness (valid) 1. If we posses knowledge (K) we must be able to rule out the possibility of systematic hallucination (S). K > S 2. ~S (the matrix hypothesis.) (MT 1) 3. ~ K ( MT 1 & 2) * One arguer against
Premium The Matrix The Matrix Reloaded Logic
In The Apology by Plato‚ Socrates defends himself against the accusations claiming that he corrupts the youth with his teachings. As a Philosopher‚ or in the context of the text‚ a juror‚ or a judge ‚ it is important think critically and logically when examining arguments from both sides of the conflict. One of Socrates’ arguments against the charges brought upon him for corrupting the youth is this: “For if I am really corrupting the youth‚ and have corrupted some of them already‚ those of them
Premium Plato Socrates Philosophy
of psychological studies doubt these premises. The main issue is whether we have stable personality and character traits. Appiah uses modus tollens to give a logically from of the situationist argument. If the juice is made with sugar‚ then the juice is sweet. The juice is not sweet. Therefore‚ the juice is not made with sugar. One premises using modus tollens that a situationist could agree on is that if virtue ethics is true‚ then character traits predict behavior. Character traits don’t predict
Premium Ethics Virtue Philosophy
Arguments are an integral part of human society‚ and structuring these arguments properly is important to emphasize a point. In the documentary I Can Change Your Mind About Climate‚ many legitimate and illegitimate arguments are put forward to the viewer. Some of these arguments are structurally wrong‚ and in some of them the premises are not relevant to the conclusion. The purpose of the documentary was for the two main protagonists‚ Anna Rose and Nick Minchin to try and change each others minds
Premium Critical thinking Fallacy Logic
How do we know we are not dreaming some particular experience we are having‚ or we are not dreaming all our experience of this world? When we dream we imagine things happening often with the same sense of reality as we do when we are awake. In Descartes dream argument‚ he states there are no reliable signs distinguishing sleeping from waking. In his dream argument‚ he is not saying we are merely dreaming all of what we experience‚ nor‚ is he saying we can distinguish dreaming from being awake
Premium Perception Mind Sense