Increasing evidence suggests that the alarming rise in allergic and autoimmune disorders during the past few decades is at least partly attributable to our lack of exposure to microorganisms that once covered our food and us. As nature’s blanket‚ the potentially pathogenic and benign microorganisms associated with the dirt that once covered every aspect of our preindustrial day guaranteed a time-honored co-evolutionary process that established “normal” background levels and kept our bodies from overreacting
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Open Reading Frames * (ORFs) are regions with no stop codons. All genes reside in long open reading frames * Note that stop codons in other reading frames have no effect on the gene. * Can be searched in the genome sequence. Valid only for prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Protein Sequencing vs. DNA sequencing * We compare protein sequences‚ not DNA‚ because protein is more conserved in evolution than DNA * The organism’s survival depends on the protein being
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7351_2006_1_S03 Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences‚ Karnataka PM.D. [MICROBIOLOGY] DEGREE EXAMINATION Time: 3 Hours [Max. Marks : 100] PAPER I – GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY QP Code: 7351 Your answers should be specific to the questions asked. Draw neat labeled diagrams wherever necessary. Answer all questions LONG ESSAYS 1. 2. 2 X 20 = 40 Marks Discuss the production‚ properties and uses of monoclonal antibodies Discuss various in vitro antibiotic sensitivity
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The Measurement of the Rate of Osmosis by using “Deshelled” Chicken Eggs (Effect of Solute Concentration upon Rate/Degree of Osmosis in Chicken Eggs) Introduction Every cell needs a mechanism that it uses in the maintenance of a constant internal environment. This is important in the control of the ever changing external environment to the cell. The transfer of materials to and from the cell thus needs a very stable mechanism to achieve this status. Cells are therefore bound a membrane that acts
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Osmosis and Plasmolysis Problem: What is the effect of Osmosis on a chicken egg? What is the effect of different solutions with various concentrations on plant cells? Hypothesis: 1. In an animal cell in a hypertonic solution the egg will swell‚ in a hypotonic solution the egg will swell. 2. In a plant cell in a hypertonic solution it will shrink‚ and in a hypotonic solution it will swell. Methodology: Part 1. A chicken egg is consecutively over time placed
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BOUNCING EGG Can you Make An Egg Bounce? 1. Question: “Can you make an egg bounce?” • Yes!!!! 2. Materials: hard-boiled eggs‚ white vinegar‚ jar or large cup‚ and water. 3. Procedure: • Soak egg in white vinegar for 24-48 hours until all of the shell is dissolved. • Take the egg from the vinegar and soak it in water overnight. • Take the egg from the vinegar and pat dry with a napkin. lightly drop the egg on a table from two or three feet. 4. Result: The egg does not break
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* Microbiology: Study of microorganisms Most microorganisms are pathogenicFalse The majority of bacteria are harmless True Total number of bacterial species: about 10 million to a billion What is a microorganism? An organism or virus too small to be seen without a microscope. (Smaller than 0.5 mm) Ex: Bacteria‚ Fungi‚ Protozoa‚ Algae‚ and Viruses Microbiom: collection of microbes Human cells vs. Microbial cells = 1:10 Which statement about Michaelangelo is not correct? A. He was
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Osmosis Experiment Subject: Professor Egg-avier Duration: 3 weeks (Oct 2nd – Oct 16th) Week 1 On October 2nd my group was giving a raw egg (weighing 58.8 grams) and placed it into a clear mason jar with 200mL of vinegar. The ph levels of our vinegar equaled a 2 which tells us that vinegar is a fairly acidic liquid. Once submerged in the vinegar‚ little bubbles began to appear around the egg’s shell. We believed this to be carbon dioxide escaping from the shell. We left our egg to sit in the
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Rate of Osmosis vs Solute Concentration Introduction: In nature‚ the quest to reach equilibrium‚ or the state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces (http://www.dictionary.com). Osmosis and diffusion are two ways that cells reach this equilibrium‚ without exerting energy. Due to the unique nature of the phospholipid bilayer‚ small molecules can pass through the semipermeable membrane easily‚ through diffusion (https://www.biologycorner.com). Water‚ however‚ has a slightly more
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SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY: What is Microbiology? | � Microbiology is the study of microorganisms� Microorganisms‚ roughly‚ are living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye� Microorganisms cannot be distinguished phylogenetically from �macroorganisms� (see variety of microorganisms‚ below)� Microbiology is more a collection of techniques: aseptic technique‚ pure culture technique‚ microscopic observation of whole organisms‚ etc.� Microbiologists
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