Chemical Engineering and Processing 46 (2007) 774–780 Reactive distillation: The front-runner of industrial process intensification A full review of commercial applications‚ research‚ scale-up‚ design and operation G. Jan Harmsen a‚b a Shell Global Solutions‚ Shell Research and Technology Center Amsterdam‚ P.O. Box 38000‚ 1030 BN Amsterdam‚ The Netherlands b RijksUniversiteit Groningen‚ Nijenborgh 4‚ 9747 AG Groningen‚ The Netherlands Received 19 June 2007; accepted 20 June 2007 Available
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Experiment C. Aim: To protect one of two carbonyl groups (C1) in order to allow the other to react twice with a Grignard followed by removal of the protecting group by acid hydrolysis to give final product (C2). Method: Ethyl acetoacetate (30.03g)‚ ethylene glycol (15.01g) and toluene-p-sulphonic acid (0.13g) were added to a 250 cm3 round bottomed flask‚ containing a stirrer bar and toluene (100 cm3)‚ fitted with a condenser and dean-stark head. Solution was heated strongly under reflux using
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lysergic acid as starting material. Preparations #2 and #3 must start with lysergic acid only‚ prepared from the amides as follows: 10 g of any lysergic acid amide from various natural sources dissolved in 200 ml of methanoic KOH solution and the methanol removed immediately in vacuo. The residue is treated with 200 ml of an 8% aqueous solution of KOH and the mixture heated on a steam bath for one hour. A stream of nitrogen gas is passed through the flask during heating and the evolved NH3 gas may
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Vehicles are the major source of air pollution in the urban areas. Vehicular exhaust‚ a by-product of fuel combustion contains potentially lethal chemical compounds such as carbon monoxide‚ oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and unburnt hydro carbons. Vehicular pollution traces its source to fossil fuels that are burnt in mobile sources (all categories of motorized vehicles). During the past few years‚ various steps have been taken to reduce vehicular emissions and its effect is evident
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mixed with the water to create the "fracking fluid." What people do not know‚ is that up to 600 different chemicals are used in this "fracking fluid‚" including known toxins and carcinogens such as lead‚ mercury‚ uranium‚ ethylene glycol‚ radium‚ methanol‚ hydrachloric acid‚ and formaldehyde. These chemicals are known to cause cancer and other health problems. 72 trillion gallons of water and 360 billion gallons of these cancerous chemicals are needed to run our current gas wells. The fracking fluid
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and makes us less dependent on foreign oil products. The various types of AFVs‚ include hybrid and flexible fuel designs. Powered by electricity‚ compressed natural gas (CNG)‚ liquid petroleum gas (LPG)‚ propane‚ hydrogen‚ alcohol (in the form of methanol and denatured alcohol)‚ and gasohol (which includes up to 85% alcohol)‚ are the most common. Currently‚ only three types are readily available to the public; which are natural gas; flex fuel‚ and battery electric. Natural gas powers about 112‚000
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Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Introduction Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH‚ commonly called caustic potash. Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)‚ this colorless solid is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications. Most applications exploit its reactivity toward acids and its corrosive nature. In 2005‚ an estimated 700‚000 to 800‚000 tonnes were produced. Approximately 100 times more NaOH than KOH is produced annually. KOH is noteworthy
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FACTS ABOUT ASPARTAME. In an even that one wants to make something taste sweeter‚ an individual is faced with two choices; they can either use sugar and sugar alcohols or artificial sweeteners. In choosing to use artificial sweeteners also called sugar substitutes or nonnutritive sweeteners or noncaloric sweeteners‚ one can either use acesulfame K‚ neotame‚ saccharin‚ sucralose and finally Aspartame. Aaspartame is a lab manufactured sweetener that does not exist in the form of a naturally grown
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Preparation of an Ester Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) OBJECTIVE: To become familiar with the techniques and principle of esterification. DISCUSSION: Aspirin is a drug widely used as an antipyretic agent (to reduce fever)‚ as an analgesic agent (to reduce pain)‚ and/or as an anti-inflammatory agent (to reduce redness‚ heat or swelling in tissues). Chemically‚ aspirin is an ester. Esters are the products of reaction of acids with alcohols‚ as shown in the following equation using
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ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTY OF SOURSOP LEAF EXTRACT A Research Proposal Presented to The Faculty of University of Baguio Science High School In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject Research III Quimson‚ Crystal Ivy O. Osias‚ Dymphna Xel D. Choi‚ Brian March 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Table of contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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