Most theories on the pathophysiology of depression are based on measurement of indirect markers‚ neuro-imaging techniques‚ and post-mortem studies. Studies show that depression starts with abnormalities in the areas of the brain that are responsible for reward response‚ mood regulation‚ and executive functions. The neuro-imaging and post-mortem studies have indicated morphological changes shown by reductions in grey-matter volume and glial density in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus‚ which
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Do Nursing Interventions Implemented in the Home Setting Have an Impact on Cancer Patients? Introduction Critical Appraisal is a means of which research data is evaluated and examined for the validity and quality of individual studies after the elimination of studies that do not contribute to determining current best evidence (Hamric‚ Hanson‚ Tracy‚ & O’Grady‚ 2014). This evaluation can be used to eliminate studies that do not meet criteria for meta-analysis. Critical Appraisal is used
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and neck cancer is a broad term that describes many different cancers that start in the head and neck. Most oral‚ head and neck cancers begin in the cells that make up the moist tissues (mucosal surfaces) of the mouth‚ nose and throat. Like other cancers‚ these cancers occur when abnormal cells begin to grow and divide uncontrollably and form a mass‚ called a malignant tumor. Doctors identify oral‚ head and neck cancers by the area in which the cancer begins: Lip and oral cavity cancer occurs
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he pathophysiology of ADHD is unclear and there are a number of competing theories.[87] Research on children with ADHD has shown a general reduction of brain volume‚ but with a proportionally greater reduction in the volume of the left-sided prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the core ADHD features of inattention‚ hyperactivity‚ and impulsivity may reflect frontal lobe dysfunction‚ but other brain regions particularly the cerebellum have also been implicated.[88] Neuroimaging studies
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the cancer century. This is because more than a hundred types of cancer have been discovered in this century‚ and secondly‚ because enormous medical efforts were made to fight all kinds of cancers all over the world. In the early decades of the century‚ cancer was considered to be a fatal disease‚ and although many cancers remain fatal‚ medical therapy has developed significantly over the years such that most cancers can be treated and cured. After decades of struggling with various cancers‚ doctors
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE Definition: Peptic ulcer disease is an excavation (hollowed-out area) that forms in the mucosal wall of the stomach. Erosion of a circumscribed area of mucous membrane is the cause. Predisposing Factors Precipitating Factors ➢ Age (40-60) > Malignant tumors ➢ Gender > Gastric Hyperacidity
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Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. X-rays‚ gamma rays‚ and charged particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment. The radiation may be delivered by a machine outside the body called a linear accelerator to focus x-rays directly on the tumor or tumor bed (external-beam radiation therapy)‚ or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy‚ also called brachytherapy). Systemic
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HEART-LUNG MACHINE eng. Hassanain Ali Lefta Mossa * ‚ HasAli76@yahoo.com During an open-heart surgery (such as valve surgery)‚ an extracorporeal (i.e. outside the body) equipment called the heart-lung machine takes over the functions of the heart and lungs‚ so that the heart can be carefully stopped while the vital organs continue to receive blood and oxygen. The surgeon can then operate in a blood-free surgical field without interference from bleeding or the heart’s pumping motion. The principle
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Mechanisms of Occlusion Most MIs are caused by a disruption in the vascular endothelium associated with an unstable atherosclerotic plaque that stimulates the formation of an intracoronary thrombus‚ which results in coronary artery blood flow occlusion. If such an occlusion persists long enough (20 to 40 min)‚ irreversible myocardial cell damage and cell death will occur.5 The development of atherosclerotic plaque occurs over a period of years to decades
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Measuring of Lung Capacity Introduction This lab report is over the functions of the lungs and a better understanding of how the respiratory function happens within your body. You will be measuring the amount of air you breathe in and out. This function is called tidal volume‚ which is about 500 cc of air. Second portion of the testing procedure will be determining the amount of vital capacity or maximum amount your lungs can expel. You will be working in pairs with a lab partner and take turns recording
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