Chapter 8 Fallacies Fallacies are mistakes in reasoning. In this chapter we will be concerned specifically with informal fallacies. In chapter five we already dealt with certain species of formal fallacy‚ such as denying the antecedent and affirming the consequent. A formal fallacy is an argument that contains a mistake in reasoning because of its structure. In contrast‚ an informal fallacy involves a mistake in reasoning that goes beyond the structure of the argument and that needs inspection
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A Formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the argument’s form without requiring an understanding of the argument’s content. All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs. * Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case‚ (or might possibly be the case). * Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious‚ then the conclusion itself is false. * Base rate fallacy – making a probability
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University of Phoenix Material Dawn Bratthauer 11/19/2012 Final Exam: Fallacies‚ Assumptions‚ and Arguments Part I: Fallacies THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENTS CONTAIN VARIOUS KINDS OF FALLACIES. EVALUATE EACH AND IDENTIFY THE FALLACY USING THE MATCHING LIST ON PAGE 2. 1. We can recognize that athletes who participate in sports must be given special consideration in our grading system‚ or we can let the university sink into athletic oblivion. H. False dilemma 2. I don’t know what colleges
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Fallacy Summary and Application "Critical thinking is disciplined thinking governed by clear intellectual standards. Among the most important of these intellectual standards is clarity‚ precision‚ accuracy‚ relevance‚ consistency‚ logical‚ correctness‚ completeness and fairness" (Bassham‚ 2002). In order to achieve a conclusion that incorporates all of the intellectual standards‚ the critical thinker must have the ability to identify and evaluate logical fallacies in arguments. This paper will
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2011 Fallacies In Marketing and Advertisements A fallacy is an error in logical thinking. Fallacies are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid‚ unsound‚ or weak. Having a background in fallacies benefits you in clarifying your own thinking and in defending yourself in manipulation. There are many ways to categorize fallacies. Aristotle‚ an ancient Greek philosopher‚ was the first to try to systematically describe and categorize them‚ identifying thirteen fallacies divided
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The three most common fallacies that I accept are the fallacies of shoulds‚ perfection‚ and overgeneralization. These fallacies can cause me harm because they can hurt my self esteem and create negative self fulfilling prophecies. The fallacy of shoulds is “The inability to distinguish between what is and what should be” (Adler and Proctor 140) I often subscribe to the fallacy of shoulds. I think that I should be taller because my entire family is over six feet so I should be as well. I think that
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The significance of fallacies in critical thinking is important to understand so that clear and concise arguments can be made on a logical‚ factual level instead of one that is proliferated with emotions and illogical reasoning. The basis of these fallacies are dependent on critical thinking according to discussions in which the parties may not agree on a situation or one element is attempting to convince another of making a decision. The point of this type of disagreement is to give reasons in
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Fallacies Analysis Prompt List the premises and conclusion of the following arguments Restating any rhetorical questions as declarative sentences Replacing emotive language with more purely cognitive language. Identify any assumptions List them as separate premises. Identify the type of argument – is it a generalization‚ a categorical syllogism‚ etc.? Finally‚ identify any fallacies it commits. (There may be more than one.) Argument 1: Pro-abortion liberals are wrong to make ‘choice’ the ultimate
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Pathetic Fallacy Definition Pathetic fallacy is a literary device that attributes human qualities and emotions to inanimate objects of nature. The word “pathetic” in the term is not used in the derogatory sense of being miserable; rather‚ here‚ it stands for “imparting emotions to something else”. Difference between Pathetic Fallacy and Personification Generally‚ Pathetic fallacy is confused with personification. The fact is that they differ in their objects of nature for example referring to weather
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Socrates commits the Socratic fallacy when he refuses Euthyphro’s first definition of piety. Socrates rejects the definition given because it does not give a formal definition of what piety is‚ but instead offers examples of things and actions that are pious. Geach believes that this is a substantial fallacy committed by Socrates‚ one that may prevent him from getting at the truth of the matter. I will first expand on Geach’s Socratic fallacy‚ as well as explain why this fallacy presents itself as a problem
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