approach has tended to use a scientific approach through the use of laboratory experiments. A strength of using laboratory experiments is that they are high in control therefore researchers are able to establish cause and effect. For example Loftus and Palmer were able to control the age of the participants‚ the use of video and the location of the experiment. All participants were asked the same questions (apart from changes in the critical words)‚ and the position of the key question in the second
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This experiment is a replica of Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction between Language and Memory research. The aim is to investigate the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony of an event. The independent variable is the verb in the critical question‚ such as ‘smashed‚’ or ‘hit‚’ and the dependent variable is the participants speed estimate of the cars. The study was done by asking 30 students to watch seven short car crash
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A key example of that is asking an interviewee “if they saw a broken headlight”‚ or “if they saw the smashed headlight”. (Eyewitness‚ n.d.). This theory was shown by Loftus and Palmer. Changing the single word of “a” to “the” changes the interviewees perception because it is a potentially true fact about a car collision thus prompting the interviewee to take it as real.Constructive memory was described as the notion that what
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helps improve the reliability and validity of the results‚ as variables can be controlled‚ including extraneous variables which in a field study are more likely to occur‚ an example of a cognitive study which has used the lab experiment is by Loftus and Palmer on eye witness testimony‚ participants were asked to watch video clips of car crashes and to then judge the speed they were going by doing a questionnaire‚ using the lab study is reliable as it doesn’t have many extraneous variables so this makes
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reconstructive nature of memory‚ by which the brains processes information to make sense of the world. However‚ to say that memory is not reliable would be unrealistic‚ as memory is still reliable to some extent‚ depending on the factors. Loftus and Palmer conducted a research to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and have a confabulating effect‚ as the account would become distorted by the cues provided in the question. To do this‚ 45 American students formed
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psychologist Fields; Cognitive psychology‚ Psychology and law Misinformation effect and eyewitness memory “Eyewitness testimony” book explores in depth how eyewitnesses can in fact be highly unreliable and the psychology behind why. Expert on human memory. Loftus’ previous studies revolved around whether memories are necessarily accurate Inspired by a real case The study was conducted in 1974 “Aim of study; Test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory” (simplepsychology
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Individual and Situational Factors in Eyewitness Testimony. Journal of Applied Psychology‚ 63(3)‚ 352-359. Dobson‚ M.‚ & Markham‚ R. (1993). Individual Differences in Anxiety Level and Eyewitness Memory. The Journal of General Psychology‚ 343. Loftus‚ E.‚ & Palmer‚ J. (1974). Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour‚ 13‚ 585-589. McLeod‚ S. (2009). Eye Witness Testimoney. Retrieved from Simply
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One advantage of the Scientific method is that it’s replicable. Scientists record their methods and standardise them carefully so as the same procedures can be followed in the future. Investigations are carried out in highly controlled‚ objective laboratory and repeated to gain further reliability. This is an advantage because repeated a study is the most important way to demonstrate the validity of an experiment. If the results of the repeated experiment are the same‚ then this affirms the truth
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Advantages of the use of the scientific method in psychology There are a number of advantages to using scientific methods in psychology. Firstly an important aspect of imperial data is that it is objective‚ i.e. not affected by expectations of the research. So‚ without objectivity we have no way of being certain that data collected is valid. An example of this is seen with Gardner & Gardner. When they observed Washoe they might have judged that Washoe was using real words because they wanted
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present during a court case that involves eyewitness testimony‚ as they are more aware of its flaws. We store information in schemas and when we gain new knowledge it is altered in order to fit these schemas. Leading psychologists such as Elizabeth Loftus‚ Neil Bartlett and Yullie & Cutshall have carried out research in order to demonstrate how our memory can be altered by psychological factors such as leading questions‚ reconstructive memory and weapon focus. This research paper contains a vast number
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