remembered. Therefore‚ similar to eyewitness testimony‚ wording and subtle suggestions can influence people to remember an event in a particular way‚ even to the extent that they remember aspects that never occurred. In a similar experiment done by Loftus et. al (1979)‚ subjects were shown a video and asked how fast a car was going when passing a yield sign. However‚ in this video‚ there was no yield sign. Due to this insertion of misinformation‚ the yield condition felt more familiar and when presented
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accuracy of eyewitness testimony such as emotions‚ fundamental attribution bias‚ face recognition in other races‚ leading questions and many more. An example of the affect factors such as leading questions can have on eyewitness testimonies is the Loftus and Palmed study (1974). It’s has been proposed that we store a series of incomplete memory fragments in our mind. When we need to recall a memory we unknowingly fill in the blanks to reconstruct a memory that can be fraught with inaccuracies
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Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies. The two models or theories I will be looking at for the cognitive process of Memory are the Multi Store Memory Model and the Reconstructive Memory theory. I will be discussing the strengths and limitations of the model and the theory as well as including a few research studies to support my argument. The Multi Store Memory Model (MSMM) was founded by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) and was one of the first
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Eyewitness Testimony One important application of research into memory is eyewitness testimony (EWT). EWT is used as evidence in criminal trials in countries all over the world. Juries tend to pay extra attention to eyewitness testimony and generally see it as very trustworthy and convincing. However‚ a great deal of research in cognitive psychology tells us that‚ in general‚ people’s memories are fairly fallible. This section examines some of the psychological factors that can affect the accuracy
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Selective attention is when the witness is able to describe one detail‚ giving them less time to pay attention to other details. It can also be because the witness is more likely to focus on a detail with more emotional significance‚ such as a weapon. Loftus et al. (1987) showed participants a series of slides of a customer at a restaurant. In on version the customer was holding a gun‚ in the other the customer held a chequebook. Participants who had been shown the version with the gun present tended
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Psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate; therefore it should not be used in the criminal justice system. Discuss. The criminal justice systems in Australia and throughout the world rely on evidence to prosecute persons suspected of a crime. Previously‚ criminal investigators relied upon eyewitness accounts for their investigations though psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate and should not be
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allows for convictions. However‚ tests conducted by Loftus have shown an enormous swing from a non-guilty verdict‚ to guilty within the same case‚ simply through the introduction of an eyewitness. This alone displays the importance of eyewitness testimony‚ and accentuates the theory that jurors tend to over believe‚ or at least rely heavily on such accounts. In this essay I shall discuss the work and research contributed by Bartlett‚ and Loftus as to whether accuracy plays a vital role in eyewitness
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Eye Witness Testimony “Eyewitness testimony is so unreliable that it should never be used in convicting criminals”. Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. It refers to; an account given by person(s) of an event they’ve witnessed. Eyewitness testimony is admissible in a court of law to assist in the conviction of individuals. In 1976‚ the Devlin report examined over 2000 identity parades in the U.K. Of the 2000 parades‚ 45% resulted in a suspect being identified and out of these‚ 82% were eventually
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Interviewing and Communication for General Duties Police. (In Print.) Kapardis‚ A. (1997). ’Children as Witnesses ’‚ in Psychology and Law: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge University Press‚ Cambridge. Loftus‚ Elizabeth. Creating False Memories. Scientific American. September 1997: 30-35. Loftus‚ E.‚ & Palmer‚ J. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An Example of the Interaction Between Language and Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour‚ 13 McCloskey‚ M.‚ & Zaragoza‚ M
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Radvansky. (2010). Cognition 5th Edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education‚ Inc. Green‚ M. P. (2009). Errors in Eyewitness Identification Procedures. Retrieved March 30‚ 2012‚ from Human Factors: http://www.visualexpert.com/Resources/mistakenid.html Loftus‚ E. (1979). Eyewitness Testimony. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Olivarez‚ B. (2010‚ April 24). Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve: The Theory of Memory. Retrieved March 30‚ 2012‚ from Helping Psychology: http://helpingpsychology.com/ebbinghaus-forgetting-curve
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