LIQUID CRYSTALS Introduction What are Liquid crystals ? Its History & Discovery Any of various liquids in which molecules are regularly arrayed like a solid crystal along one or two dimensions‚ but are free in the other dimensions as with typical liquids. Liquid crystals often display unusual and often manipulable optical properties such as anisotropic scattering. They can be divided into two classes‚ Thermo tropic(nematic‚ chiral nematic‚ and smectic.) and Lyotropic. Transitions to thermotropic
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of solvent extraction‚ also known as liquid-liquid extraction‚ a method of separating two materials with different physical and/or chemical properties. Two methods of evaporation will be used to finally determine the concentration of impurity- one using an explosion-proof hot-plate‚ and one using a rotovap. III. Theory Fig. 1a+1b. Figure 1a shows how water and oil separate in the separatory funnel‚ while figure 1b shows the actual apparatus. Liquid-Liquid extraction is a versatile and dependable
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Laboratory 2 DRYING OF SOLIDS (Vacuum Tray Dryer) A Final Report Submitted to Engr. Luis K. Cabatingan Instructor‚ ChE 512L By Madeja‚ Rayam John D. July 31‚ 2012 1. Introduction Drying generally means the removal of relatively small amounts of liquid from materials. It is also defined as the transfer of liquid from a wet solid into an unsaturated gas phase. The goal of most drying operations is not only to separate a volatile liquid‚ but also to produce a dry solid of a desirable size
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------------------------------------------------- Liquid–liquid extraction From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia Liquid–liquid extraction also known as solvent extraction and partitioning‚ is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids‚ usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase. Liquid–liquid extraction is a basic technique in chemical laboratories‚ where it is performed
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39. The Viscosity of Liquids After studying the present lecture‚ you will be able to Define viscosity and viscosity coefficient Outline the method to measure viscosity using Ostwald viscometer Determine the average molecular weight of a polymer Determine the surface concentration of 1-butanol in aqueous solution Measure the distribution coefficient of a solute betweenn two solvents 39.1 Introduction Viscosity‚ one of the transport properties‚ arises because of intermolecular attractive and
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Experiment #1: Determination of the Solid-Liquid Phase Diagram for Napthalene-Biphenyl Using Thermal Analysis Objective To apply thermal analysis to the two-component system‚ naphthalene-biphenyl at atmospheric temperature. The analysis will be represented by a solid-liquid phase diagram (freezing point diagram). Theoretical Principles Phase Equilibria and the Gibbs Phase Rule This experiment is conducted in order to study a condensed system (solid-liquid) at constant temperature (atmospheric
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[pic] Soap From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation‚ search For other uses‚ see Soap (disambiguation). [pic] [pic] A collection of decorative soaps‚ often found in hotels [pic] [pic] Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate‚ a typical soap. In chemistry‚ soap is a salt of a fatty acid.[1] Soaps are mainly used as surfactants for washing‚ bathing‚ and cleaning‚ but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants
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Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Ionic liquids (ILs) can be viewed as a new and remarkable class of solvent. They are also a type of materials that have a long and useful history‚ where the earliest material that meets the current definition of IL was observed in the mid-19th century when a separate liquid phase called the “red oil” was observed in Friedel-Crafts reaction [17]. Over the following years‚ there has been a rapid growing of interest in ILs due to the realization
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LABORATORY REPORT UNIT OPERATION FST359 EXPERIMENT 1 : LIQUID-LIQUID SEPARATION BY DISC-BOWL CENTRIFUGE. NAME : ANAS BIN MOHD KAMAL. ID : 2013467978. GROUP : AS1164A1. LECTURER : SIR MOHAMAD SHAHRIMI BIN HASHIM. OBJECTIVE : 1. To separate cream from dairy milk and coconut milk. 2. To measure the quantity and density of cream and skim milk. MATERIALS : Dairy milk powder and coconut milk. APPARATUS : 25 ml specific gravity (SG) bottles
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certain fluid. In this experiment two solutions are used. According to the definition of viscosity mobile liquids have a relatively low viscosity. Fluidity is the reciprocal of viscosity‚ given as equation 1: F=1/ η. Fluidity is advantageous because solutions of mixed solutions of nonassociating liquids are roughly additive. In this experiment binary solutions are used‚ so if each pure liquid has fluidities Fa and Fb‚ the fluidity of a mixture is given by: Equation1 (Halpern‚ 17-3).
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