IGCSE Biology 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: Section I: Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1. Characteristics of living organisms 2. Classification and diversity of living organisms 2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory system 2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment 3. Simple Keys Section II: Organisation and maintenance of the organism 1. Cell structure and organisation 2. Levels of organisation 3. Size of specimens 4. Movement in and out
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Examples of endocrine glands are the pituitary gland‚ pancreas‚ adrenal gland‚ ovaries‚ and testes. The modified apocrine glands located in the female breast are the milk-producing mammary glands. Additional‚ specialized apocrine glands located in the areola of the breast are responsible for secreting fat droplets into breast milk. Modified apocrine glands are located in the ears and aid in the formation of cerumen‚ more commonly known as earwax. In the skin and eyelids‚ the apocrine glands are
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Abstract α-amylase was immobilized covalently on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles was done by the coprecipitation conventional method. The chemical composition and particle size of the synthesized particles was confirmed via X-ray diffraction. Tyrosine‚ Lucien and chitosan and glutaraldehyde were investigated to make a covalent binding between the iron oxide magnetic core and the immobilized enzyme. Immobilization using chitosan and glutaraldehyde show
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Anatomy Review Sheet 2 Respiratory Nomenclature Upper Respiratory VS Lower Respiratory -Are separated by the larynx -Upper Respiratory is the conducting pathway; Histology: Pseudo Stratified Ciliated Columnar Epilithlial Tissue. -Lower Respiratory Tract is everything below the larynx‚ exchange pathway. Meaning perfusion. Histology: Simple‚ because you want more passive mechanisms of perfusion. -Terminal Bronchiole Alveoli The rate limiting step and the final common pathway that
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the usual pathway for digestion and absorption of triglycerides (fats) Triglycerides are broken down to free fatty acids and monoglyceride by lipase. Bile salts bind to lipids which help transport them in the small intestine. In the small intestine colipase help expose lipids to lipase for further breakdown to micelles. These small lipids can now enter the apical membrane of the small intestine and form chylomicron which then are released into the lymphatic system
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ENZYME TIME (posted 9-7) Written by: Len Davis Creatine. Check. Arginine. Check. Protein powder. Check. Enzymes. Che . . . wait‚ what was that last one? You may not think of them as you compile your supplement shopping list‚ but enzyme products can be a smart choice for packing on muscle mass. Traditionally‚ enzymes are known as a digestive aid‚ but studies have shown that they also play an important role in recovery from high-intensity training‚ making them a prime addition to a bodybuilding
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evident in the same textbook on the same page number mentioned above when it says‚ “many people use biological detergents to remove stains such as grass‚ sweat and food from their clothes. Biological washing powders contain proteases and lipases.” Proteases and lipases are those enzymes that are used to break down the proteins and fats that are in the stains. In addition‚ it is better to use biological detergents instead of non-biological detergents at lower temperatures because that is when the enzymes
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ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL‚ KIRKEE Project Report On Human Digestive organ- Stomach Submitted by- Name- Roll no- Class- Division- TABLE OF CONTENTS * THE STOMACH…………………………………………….…………….……………………………………..3 * FUNCTIONS OF STOMACH……………………………………………………………...…………………3 * THE DIVISIONS OF STOMACH………………………………………………………..………………….4 * THE LAYERS OF THE STOMACH…………………..………………………………….………………..5 * PROCESS OF DIGESTION…………………………………..………………………………………………7 * Mechanical digestion……………………………………………………………………………
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L. PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY Describe the role of the hypothalamus‚ the pituitary hormones‚ and the ovarian hormones in the regulation of the human menstrual cycle. Include in your discussion the concept of feedback control and the way in which fertilization of the egg alters the menstrual cycle. STANDARDS: Hypothalamus and Feedback: Maximum 6 pts. __low progesterone or estrogen resulting in positive feedback __secretion of a releasing factor __secretion of pituitary FSH __high level
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Experiment #1: Carbohydrate Digestion • Tube 1 Digestion Lab – 3 ml water • Tube 2 – 3 ml 0.2% amylase • Tube 3 – 3 ml 0.2% amylase + 10 drops of 1.0M HCl • Tube 4 1 2 4 3 – 3 ml 0.2% amylase – place in hot water bath for 5 min Experiment #1: Carbohydrate Digestion • Add 5.0 ml starch solution to each tube • Incubate in 37°C bath for 1.5 hr • Divide contents of each tube evenly into 2 tubes – Lugol’s Test – Benedict’s Test Experiment #1: Carbohydrate
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