Donoghue vs Stevenson (1932) is the first case law relevant of liability to third party. However‚ in this case‚ the liability is only established if there are physical harms of loss by third parties (not economic losses) Candler & Crane Chrismas (1951) is the next stage of development‚ where there is liability for financial loss if there is a contractual relationship‚ a fiduciary relationship or a fraud Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd vs Heller & Parties Ltd (1963) is a significant point of development
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Doctrine: Limitations in Establishing Corporate Criminal Liability The identification doctrine is the traditional method by which companies are held liable under the principles of the common law. According to this theory‚ the solution for the problem of attributing the unlawful acts to a corporation for offences that require intention was to merge the identified individual with the corporation. For the purpose of establishing corporate liability‚ a company may be responsible for the wrongful acts of
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Auditor Liability in Canada A & B Is it reasonable for a potential investor or existing shareholder to rely on audited financial statements that a corporation makes available for public consumption? Should an investor be able to sue a corporation’s auditor if audited financial statements materially misrepresent the financial status of the company audited? a. Should a potential investor only be able to sue the corporation? b. Should there be any limit on the auditor’s liability? Negligent
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Current Liabilities and Contingencies Current assets are cash or other assets that can reasonably be expected to be converted into cash‚ sold‚ or consumed in operations within a single operation cycle or within a year if more than one cycle is completed each year. Current liabilities are obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of existing resources properly classified as current assets‚ or the creation of other liabilities. Accounts Payable or trade accounts payable
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Subject: Negligence Liability of Accountants ______________________________________________________________________ Facts By law‚ accountants may be responsible for customers that hire them in various legal theories‚ including contract‚ fraud and negligence. Accountant malpractice happened when he or she violates the duty of reasonable care‚ knowledge‚ skills and judgment that he or she is due to a client or to the laws to provide auditing and other services. South Asset Management Co hired
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STUDY ON ASSET LIABILITY MANAGEMENT IN BANKS ABSTRACT: In banking‚ ASSET AND LIABILITY MANAGEMENT (often abbreviated ALM) is the practice of managing risks that arise due to mismatches between the assets and liabilities (debts and assets) of the bank. This can also be seen in insurance. Asset liability management (ALM) is a strategic management tool to manage interest rate risk and liquidity risk faced by banks‚ other financial services companies and corporations. Asset-liability management basically
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Sovereign Immunity 1. Journey of the Doctrine 1.1Pre Constitutional Era 1.2 Post Independence and Constitution of India IX. Sovereign Functions & Non-Sovereign Function X. Critically Analysis of the case 1. Vicarious liability 2. Negligence 3. Violation of Right to Property 4. Misappropriation 5. Case Reference XI. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..…….. XII. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..….……. Introduction “Law is the great
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Asset-Liability Management “Asset-Liability Management (ALM) can be defined as the ongoing process of formulating‚ implementing‚ monitoring and revising strategies related to assets and liabilities to achieve an organization ’s financial objectives‚ given the organization ’s risk tolerances and other constraints”[1]. ALM also is known as balance sheet management. In banking activity the gap between assets and liabilities can bring some consequences where the following risks are arose
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Outline the duty of care owned by an occupier to visitors defined in the Occupier’s Liability Act 1995 Under the traditional common law system entrants upon a premises were divided into the following four categories: Contractual invitees Invitees Licensees Trespassers Under the Occupier’s Liability Act 1995 three new categories were created; visitors‚ recreational users‚ trespassers. A visitor according to the act was: An entrant of right An entrant other than
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Strategic Management Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)‚ where I am employed‚ is engaged and exploration‚ refining‚ distribution and marketing of petroleum product across the country. In downstream product marketing BPCL‚ has bouquet of products on offer‚ ranging from Petrol‚ Diesel‚ to Aviation Fuel‚ to Cooking Gas to Auto Lubricants. It is a global major and ranked 225th in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world’s biggest corporations for the year 2012. The Change Opening
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