INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this experiment is to measure the formation constant of the tetraamminecopper(II) ion by colorimetry. Anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4) is white‚ which means that it does not absorb light in the visible region of the spectrum. The hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4 - 5H2O) is blue. The structure of the compound can be represented more accurately as Cu(H2O)4 SO4 - H2O where four water molecules are bound to the copper ion and the fifth is a water of crystallization. The
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8/14/2013 Complex Ion Equilibria • The dissociation of complex ions can be represented similarly to equilibria. Simultaneous Equilibria: Solubility Product Constants and Complex Ion Equilibria → Ag + + 2 NH Ag(NH3 ) +2 ← 3 [Ag ][NH ] = [Ag(NH ) ] 2 + Kd 3 + 3 2 → Cu 2+ + 4 NH Cu(NH 3 ) 24+ ← 3 [Cu ][NH ] = [Cu(NH ) ] 4 2+ Kd Complex Ion Equilibria 3 2+ 3 4 3 Complex Ion Equilibria • A metal ion coordinated to several neutral molecules or anions forms compounds called complex ions
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Enzyme lab report. Introduction. An enzyme is a protein molecule that speeds up the rates of chemical reactions by many folds. They recognize‚ bind‚ and change specific reactants. They do not change thus can catalyze the same reaction again and again. Activation energy also known as an energy barrier is the amount of energy needed in order to begin a chemical reaction. Catecholase catalyzes the reaction rate of catechol oxidation. Catechol is found beneath the skin of many plants such
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CHAPTER I The Problem and the Background Introduction According to Bruce-Gregorios (2006)‚ “chelating agents are substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts (e. g. iron and magnesium deposits) to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal of calcium salt.” Chelating agents are organic compounds capable of linking together metal ions to form complex ring-like structure called chelates. Chelators act according to a general principle: the chelator forms a complex with
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Experiment 4 Spectroscopic study of Cu(II) Complexes: Crystal Field Theory Objective: To study the effect of ligands on crystal field splitting energy ( E) Theory The color of coordination compounds of the transition elements is one of their characteristic properties. These colors are due to the absorption and subsequent emission of light in the visible part of the spectrum. Light in this region of the spectrum caused promotion of d–electrons from a lower to a higher energy level. The
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Specificity of Protein-Ligand Binding 1). One can conclude that Orange G. has the lowest affinity for the albumin. In the experiment the concentration of Orange G that binds to protein was a lot less than either Ponceau S. or Bromophenol blue. The ligand with the highest affinity to BSA was a little more difficult to decipher. The experiment shows that all of the 2 µL of both Ponceau S. and Bromophenol blue bind to the BSA. However‚ when 5 µL of the ligand is added the BSA is saturated and cannot
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CHAPTER 1 Background Information of Research Proposal on the Financial performance analysis of BEXIMCO Pharmaceuticals Limited 1.1 Introduction It is important to evaluate the financial performance of a company. The purpose of financial performance analysis is to determine weather a company is performing well (information essential for investors) and if it is not then it is required to identify areas that require improvement (information required by managers). By evaluating a company ’s
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Abstract Discussed is some of the research that has been conducted on the role of the amygdala in anxiety‚ as well as the role of GABA and benzodiazepines in anxiety. Research has indicated through amygdala lesions and stimulation that the amygdala does indeed play a major role in the expression of anxiety. Research has also indicated‚ through drug infusions to the amygdala‚ that benzodiazepines cause anxiolysis (by increasing GABA transmission)‚ and that benzodiazepine antagonists increase anxiety
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al. 1976). Benzodiazepines can be given orally or intramuscularly to the patients a few hours before the operation in order to relieve anxiety‚ promote sedation and amnesia. Benzodiazepines act on a positive regulatory site on the GABAA receptor‚ a ligand-gated ion channel‚ enhancing the activity of GABA neurotransmitter when it binds to the GABAA receptor. Subsequently‚ this leads to greater influx of chloride ions into the nerve cell‚ lowering the electrical potential of the cell and therefore having
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Ligand binding assays are an analytical procedure‚ whose method relies on the binding of specific ligand molecules to receptors‚ antibodies or other macromolecules (Hulme et al.‚ 2010). The analysis of radioligand binding assays are based on a simple model‚ called the law of mass action‚ which assumes that binding to the receptors are reversible. The binding to the receptors occurs when the ligand and the receptor collide by diffusion and when the collision has enough energy and the correct orientation
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