ratios (solute to solution) x a million (106). In this sense‚ they are similar to wt %‚ which could be thought of as parts per hundred (although nobody uses this term). Other variations on this theme include: ppt – parts per thousand (used for common ions in sea water) ppb – parts per billion (used for heavy metals and organics) ppt – parts per trillion (used for trace metals and trace organics) The following table summarizes common mass ratios for solutions and solids. Unit Solutions Solids ppm mg/L
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2.5 mL in Pipet‚ 1 Nickel (II) Nitrate‚ 0.1 M - 2 mL in Pipet‚ 1 Sodium Bicarbonate‚ 0.1 M - 2 mL in‚ Pipet‚ 1 Sodium Carbonate‚ 0.1 M - 2 mL in Pipet‚ 1 Sodium Chloride‚ 0.1 M - 2.5 mL in Pipet‚ 1 Sodium Hydroxide‚ 0.1 M - 2 mL in Pipet‚ 1 Sodium Iodide‚ 0.1 M - 2.5 mL in Pipet‚ 1 Sodium Phosphate‚ 0.1 M - 2 mL in Pipet‚1 Sodium Sulfate‚ 0.1 M - 2.5 mL in Pipet CAUTION! Sodium hydroxide is caustic and can burn skin and clothes if it touches them. Rinse any spills well with copious amounts of water
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General Features of Oxidative Additions Oxidative addition reactions usually involve a coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron metal complex or five-coordinate 18-electron species‚ and take the general from: [pic] If the A and B ligands in the product are considered to be formally –1‚ then the metal center has increased its oxidation state by +2‚ and this is the origin of the name oxidative addition. Oxidative reaction can occur when a metal complex
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research have demonstrated that those helpless to lung aggravation will be at increment chance for the advancement of asthma because of the hair dye side effects. Persulfates are chemicals found in dying specialists and hair dye and most business hair items contain an astounding 60% of them! Proceeded with inward breath of persulfates can prompt to diligent hack‚ throat distress‚ wheezing‚ lung aggravation‚ and all out asthma assaults. Alkali is another normal patron to asthma assaults when utilizing
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NAME; BOAKYE SAMUEL ANSAH COURSE; BSC.CHEMISTRY YEAR; ONE INDEX NUMBER; 1026613
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Irritant‚ Flammable 2-chlorobutane 92.57 68 -140 0.870 Flammable‚ Irritant 2-bromobutane 137.02 91 -112 1.250 Flammable‚ Irritant Ethyl Alcohol 46.07 79 -114 0.789 Flammable‚ Irritant Silver Nitrate 169.87 444 212 4.350 irritant Sodium Iodide 149.89 1300 651 3.667 irritant water 18.02 100 at 1atm 0 at 1atm 0.997 none Procedure See Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach‚ 5th edition by Pavia‚ Lampman Kriz‚ and Engel pages: 186-189 Experiment 21:
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important groups 6. Electron shells and the sizes of atoms Content Outline for Physical Sciences Section of the MCAT © 2013 AAMC. May not be reproduced without permission. 2 BONDING A. The Ionic Bond (Electrostatic Forces Between Ions) 1. Electrostatic energy q1q2/r 2. Electrostatic energy lattice energy 3. Electrostatic force q1q2/r 2 B. The Covalent Bond 1. Sigma and pi bonds a. hybrid orbitals (sp3 ‚ sp2 ‚ sp‚ and respective geometries)
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Matter 2 3 Element Compound 4. Atom 5. Molecule 6. Ion 7. Diffusion Is anything that occupies space and has mass. Is made up of tiny and discrete particles. There are spaces between these particles. These particles may be atoms‚ molecules or ions. Matter exists in three states solid‚ liquid and gas Is a substance that consists of only one type of atom Is a substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded together Molecule‚ Ion An atom is the smallest particle of an element that
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and the effect that the solvent has on the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions. The SN1 mechanism is a two-step nucleophilic substitution‚ or unimolecular displacement. In the first step of the mechanism‚ the carbon-halogen bond breaks and the halide ion leaving group leaves in a slow‚ rate-determining step to form a carbocation intermediate. The carbocation intermediate is then immediately detained by the weak nucleophile in a fast‚ second step to give the product. A solution of ethanol with some silver
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r3. 1 Å = 1 x 10–10 m and 1 nm = 1 x 10–9 m and = 3.14 #2 What is the maximum amount of carbon dioxide that can be produced by the combustion of 0.450g of C2H5OH? #3 What mass of FeCl3 would contain the same total number of ions as 16.8 g of Al2(SO4)3? #4 Heating MgSO4•7H2O at 150°C produces MgSO4•xH2O. If heating 24.4 g of pure MgSO4•7H2O at 150°C were to give 13.7 g of pure MgSO4•xH2O‚ calculate the value for x. (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e) 1 #5 A sample
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