a readox reaction to occur‚ special apparatus called voltaic cell can be used. It is made by connecting a voltmeter between two electrodes‚ which are immersed in to the two different solutions separated by porous barrier. This barrier allows flow of ions‚ so that the voltage or potential can be measured. In a closer look of such reactions‚ it can be determined that the sum of the potentials of oxidation and reduction is actually the voltage of the whole voltaic cell. For convenience negative electrode
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Topic 4 - Bonding 4.1 Ionic bonds 4.1.1 Ionic bond: +ve (cations) and -ve (anions) ions are attracted to each other and form a continuous ionic lattice 4.1.2 Group 1 metals form +1 ions‚ group 2 metals form +2 ions‚ metals in group 3 form +3 ions . Examples : Li+‚ Mg2+‚ Al3+. Greater ease of ionisation Li->Cs is due to the increased electron shielding of the nuclear attraction caused by additional inner shells of electrons. The easier atoms are to ionise‚ the more reactive they
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Shinhye Lee Chem101 4.16 Specify what ions are present upon dissolving each of the following substances in water: a) MgI2(aq) -> Mg 2+ (aq) +2OH-(aq) b) Al(NO3)3(aq) -> Al3+(aq)+3NO3- (aq) c) HCLO4(aq) -> H+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq) d) NaCH3COO(aq) ->Na + (aq) + CH3COO-(aq) 4.22) In each reaction‚ the precipitate is in bold type. a) Ni(NO3)2 (aq) +2NaOH (aq) ->+2NaNO3(aq) + NiOH2 (s) b )No precipate‚ therefore‚ no reaction. c) Na2S(aq) + CuCH3COO (aq) -> CuS(s) + 2NaCH3COO
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a balanced oxidation/reduction reaction between iodine‚ hydrogen‚ and bromate ion occurs. The above reaction occurs slowly so we used a coupled iodine clock reaction to measure the rate of the oxidation/reduction reaction because it occurs much faster but is still dependent upon the other reaction. To accomplish this‚ two mixtures were prepared in separate Erlenmeyer flasks. In the 250 ml flask .010M potassium iodide‚ .0010M Sodium thiosulfate and distilled water was prepared. A 125 ml flask was
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CHAPTER 1 EVOLUTION- the process of change that has transformed life on Earth BIOLOGY- scientific study of life EMERGENT PROPERTIES- result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system SYSTEMS BIOLOGY- constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems EUKARYOTIC CELL- has membrane enclosed organelles‚ the largest of which is usually the nucleus PROKARYOTIC CELL- simpler and smaller‚ does not contain nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles DNA- (Deoxyribonucleic
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with the oxidation of ascorbic acid by iodine. Iodine is relatively insoluble‚ but this can be improved by complexing the iodine with iodide to form triiodide: I2 + I- I3- Triiodide oxidizes vitamin C to form dehydroascorbic acid: C6H8O6 + I3- + H2O --> C6H6O6 + 3I- + 2H+ As long as vitamin C is present in the solution‚ the triiodide is converted to the iodide ion very quickly. Howevever‚ when the all the vitamin C is oxidized‚ iodine and triiodide will be present‚ which react with starch to form
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adding chemicals * Uranium has 20 million Calories per gram * Power is the rate of energy delivery and can be measured in Cal/sec or in watts * 1 hp = 1 kW * Large nuclear plants can create electricity with a power of about 1 GW * Kinetic energy is the energy of motion * To have the same energy as TNT‚ a rock has to move at about 1.5 miles per second * The rock that hit the earth was moving about 15 miles per second (100x energy of TNT) Chapter 2 * Atoms are about 10-8
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List of Chemistry Terms used in daily life α (alpha)‚ β (beta) α- (β-‚ γ-) ray spectrometer α-addition (alpha-addition) α-cleavage (alpha-cleavage) α-decay (alpha-decay) α-effect α-elimination α-expulsion in photochemistry α-oxo carbenes α-particle (alpha-particle) ’A’ value -factorquantity ab initio quantum mechanical methods abatement in atmospheric chemistry abeo- abiological abiotic abiotic transformation absolute activation analysis absolute activity‚ quantity absolute
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This experiment was a Landolt Iodine clock reaction - Oxidation of Bisulphite by Iodate. It involved conducting three measured experiments. The first variable tested was concencentration. This was tested by conducting two experiments‚ each varying the concentration of either the NaHSO3 or KIO3. The varying of NaHSO3 involved using 0.1 Molar of KIO3 against decreasing concentrations of NaHSO3 (0.25 M‚ 0.125 M‚ 0.0625 M and 0.03125 M). When decreasing the concentration of KIO3‚ 0.25 M of NaHSO3 was
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V. Ramos [2]. Add an intro here about the presence and sources of lead and correlate it with the possibility of contaminating waters. Conventional methods for metal removal in water include chemical precipitation‚ lime coagulation‚ ion exchange‚ reverse osmosis and solvent extraction [3]. Although this methods for the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters‚ however‚ are often cost prohibitive having inadequate efficiencies at low metal concentrations‚ particularly in the range of
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