uttering certain noises b. Phatic Act uttering certain words or vocables‚ noises that belong to a certain vocabulary c. Rhetic Act performing an act with the vocables with a certain more or less definite sense and reference 2. Illocution term created by Austin. informing‚ ordering‚ warning‚ undertaking 3. Perlocution a speech act that produces certain consequential effects upon the feelings‚ thoughts‚ or actions of the audience. What we bring about by saying something ( such as convincing‚ persuading
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Notion of indirect speech acts As we all know‚ speech act theory is the basis of indirect speech acts. Speech act theory was first proposed by Austin. In his theory of speech acts‚ he makes a distinction between constative sentence and performative sentence. Constative sentences are utterances that are used to state or describe things. By contrast‚ as Austin (1962: 6-7) points out that performative sentence ‘indicates
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Persuasive communication: marketing* MARIE-ODILE TAILLARD The case of Abstract Two of the goals of human communication are: to be understood and to be believed. In persuasive communication‚ both of these acts are fulfilled. Pragmatists have investigated the first goal and how it is carried out‚ while social psychologists have focused on the second goal. This paper attempts to shed new light on persuasion by reviewing work from both fields and sketching the outline of a model integrating
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1.1. Background of Study Language is the way which is used by human to build a communication. Language can be expressed to be written or spoken way. Language can be used to convey our feeling‚ giving opinions‚ declaring‚ and commending. Halliday (2003) state that language is a system of meaning of a semiotic system and presented deeply in pragmatics. Pragmatics is the subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies in which context contributes to the meaning‚ meanings can be expressed by the speaker
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References: 1. Austin‚ J.(1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford University Press. 2. Beak‚ G.(1988). Asross-cultural study of compliment and compliment response in English and Korean. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Seoul. 3. Brown‚ G.&Yule‚ G.(1983). Discourse Analysis
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Abstract Political euphemism is a tool for political leaders to control information transmission. Based on some examples‚ this paper begins with a summary of three features which distinguish political euphemism from others. Then‚ it discusses its two social functions based on Austin’s Speech Act Theory: 1. as political leaders’ tool‚ political euphemism plays the role of hiding the truth and legalizing wrong behaviors; 2. it influences people’s sense of right and wrong as well as their understanding
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2 The Contribution of Speech Act Theory to the Analysis of Conversation: How Pre-sequences Work Francois Cooren Universite de Montreal Language and Social Interaction scholars (whether ethnomethodologists‚ ethnographers‚ or conversation analysts) often criticize speech act theorists for using invented sentences and fictional situations to illustrate their points‚ a practice which‚ according to these detractors‚ fails to capture the complexity and sequentiality of human interactions.
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J & L Accounting‚ Inc. Income Statement For the Month Ending January 31‚ 2013 Revenues Service Revenues 8‚375.00 Expenses Advertising Expense 2‚350.00 Rent Expense 1‚000.00 Office Supplies Expense 75.00 Telephone Expense 660.00 Utilities Expense 2‚925.00 Depreciation Expense 1‚100.00 Total Expenses 8‚110.00 Net Income 265.00 J & L Accounting‚ Inc. Post-Closing Trial Balance January 31‚ 2013
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1. J & L should hedge only some of its exposures to diesel fuel. Although there are several financial instruments available for J & L to hedge against the risk of rising diesel fuel prices‚ these instruments still have their own downsides and possibly their own risks. For example‚ the future contracts from NYMEX seems like an effective hedging strategy for J &L‚ but there are some difficulties in terms of using futures from NYMEX to hedge against the diesel prices. NYMEX does not trade
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J & L Railroad 1. J & L can use heating oil futures to hedge its exposure to diesel fuel prices. Which futures position should J & L take? Explain. J&L Railroad should take a long position. They need to purchase diesel fuel in the future‚ they don’t produce diesel fuel‚ so they would want to take a future to be able to lock in the price of diesel fuel for future purchases. 2. What problems could the use of heating oil futures for hedging create for J&L? Note: I assume this question is asking
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