JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LIII‚ NO. 4 • AUGUST 1998 Agency Costs‚ Risk Management‚ and Capital Structure HAYNE E. LELAND* ABSTRACT The joint determination of capital structure and investment risk is examined. Optimal capital structure ref lects both the tax advantages of debt less default costs ~Modigliani and Miller ~1958‚ 1963!!‚ and the agency costs resulting from asset substitution ~Jensen and Meckling ~1976!!. Agency costs restrict leverage and debt maturity and increase yield spreads
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Insights on governance‚ risk and compliance May 2014 Expecting more from risk management Drive business results through harnessing uncertainty Contents Introduction ............................................................... 1 Risk‚ uncertainty and business performance ................... 2 Rhythm of the business ................................................ 5 A program for developing risk-enabled performance management ...................................................
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own risk when selecting and implementing it. For cost leadership strategy‚ the risks that are associate with this strategy are a loss of competitive advantage to newer technologies‚ which allows rivals to produce at lower cost‚ a failure to detect changes in customers’ need and the ability of competitors to imitate the cost leader’s competitive advantage through their own unique strategic actions. Competitors sometimes do learn to imitate the cost leader’s strategy and if this happened‚ cost leader
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options based on costs Thompson DivisionCosts Linearboard and corrugating medium 168(70%*400)*60% 30% of out of pocket costs 120(30%*400) Total 288 West PapersCosts Total 430 Eire PapersCosts Outside linear(Southern div) 54(60%*90) Printing(Thompson div) 25 Own Supplies 312(432-5-36) Total 391 As shown in the calculations above‚ Northern should accept the bid from Thompson division as it has the lowest cost if all transfer prices within the company were calculated at costs. Incurring the
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are estimated to be 12% and 10%‚ respectively. You have just calculated extremely reliable estimates of the betas of Walmart and Amazon to be 1.30 and 0.90‚ respectively. Given this data‚ what is a reasonable estimate of the risk-free rate (the return on a long-term government bond)? (Enter the answer with no more nor less than two decimal places‚ and leave off the % sign. For example‚ if your answer is 13.97% you should enter it as 13.97 NOT 0.14 nor 14)ABOUT mensajeantonio ~ Smile! You’re at the
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Question 1 How does air cargo differ from the passenger business in terms of revenue management? Which areas are more complex‚ which areas can be managed more easily? There are noted differences between air cargo and the passenger business. For example‚ unlike passengers‚ cargo shippers did not book round trips and therefore cargo flows were unpaired. Furthermore‚ cargo was classified according to multiple dimensions like volume and weight resulting in different pallet space requirements‚ while
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return Weighted Value 1.75% 0.25% 2.0% 1.2% 4.70% E8-3. Comparing the risk of two investments Answer: CV1 0.10 0.15 0.6667 CV2 0.05 0.12 0.4167 Based solely on standard deviations‚ Investment 2 has lower risk than Investment 1. Based on coefficients of variation‚ Investment 2 is still less risky than Investment 1. Since the two investments have different expected returns‚ using the coefficient of variation to assess risk is better than simply comparing standard deviations because the coefficient
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How might pricing decisions be influenced by knowledge of the Product Life Cycle? Product Life Cycle (PLC) shows the stages of a new product going through in the market place. In general‚ a product goes through introduction‚ growth‚ maturity and decline. The application of the four stages of PLC can assist firms to plan marketing mix decisions. Hence‚ price setting of a particular product can be influenced by its PLC over the four stages. For mass market with high competition and a new brand
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the beginning of punk music. It started in the 1970’s with the beginning of the rejection of mainstream conservative ideals and testing new musical limits. This is a parallel to the 1950s when kids blasted rock n’ roll to the dismay of their parents and Elvis Presley’s hip shaking brought sexuality to the mainstream. History was repeating itself‚ "punk youth seemingly place themselves outside the parent culture as ‘Other’"(Post Culture). Like the 50’s rock music‚ punk music began to get louder and
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8. Relationship between risk and return The relationship between risk and return is a fundamental financial relationship that affects expected rates of return on every existing asset investment. The Risk-Return relationship is characterized as being a "positive" or "direct" relationship meaning that if there are expectations of higher levels of risk associated with a particular investment then greater returns are required as compensation for that higher expected risk. Alternatively‚ if an investment
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