constitutional isomers or stereoisomers: (a) Cis-1‚ 3-dibromocyclohexane and trans-1‚ 4-dibromocyclohexane (b) 2‚3-dimethylhexane and 2‚5‚5-trimethylpentane (c) Cl Cl Cl Cl and Solution: (a) (b) (c) Constitutional isomers Constitutional isomers Identical a) Solution: Draw two constitutional isomers of cis-1‚2-dibromocyclopentane. Br Br Br Br b) Solution: Draw a stereoisomer of trans-1‚3-dimethylcyclobutane. CH3 CH3 3.53 Draw two constitutional isomers of cis-1‚2-dibromocyclopentane
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Structural Isomers • molecules with the same molecular formula but with different arrangements of atoms • differences in the shape of isomers lead to differences in their physical & chemical properties • For example‚ galactose‚ glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C₆H₁₂O₆) but different structures (figure 6 page 30) • glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers in dry state‚ glucose has a linear structure‚ but when dissolved in water‚ the molecules fold on itself
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production. They are mainly used as intermediates in the manufacture of fungicides‚ dyes‚ pharmaceuticals‚ preservatives‚ and peroxides. In a survey sponsored by USEPA of 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works‚ two of the dichlorotoluene isomers (2‚6-dichlorotoluene and 2‚4-dichlorotoluene) were identified in the discharges into water from rubber processing (1 occurance‚ 314.9 ppb)‚ organic chemical synthesis (14 occurances‚ 26.7 ppb)‚ and publicly owned treatment works (5 occurances‚ 40
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Looking at the volatility of o-nitrophenol compared to p-nitrophenol‚ the p-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding and it occurs due to a large number of molecules are associated together. This association in the p-isomer makes it less volatile. However in o-nitrophenol‚ intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs and thus‚ it exists in a monomolecular state making it more volatile.
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The Molecules of Cells (Chapter 3 in your textbook) Without water and carbon-based molecules‚ no life as we know it! Carbon: The Backbone of Life • Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds Also‚ H‚ N‚ O‚ P‚ and S…… • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large‚ complex‚ and diverse molecules. Why? Principal source of carbon on Earth? • Proteins‚ DNA‚ carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon. C21H36N7O16P3S Coenzyme
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The following paragraph describes the procedures and steps taken on day one of the experiment‚ which focused entirely on the synthesis of the isomer based on Protocol B. Certain chemical agents used on day one have both health and safety risks‚ specific details regarding these risks will be explained in more detail in the following procedures‚ but if unfamiliar with any of these materials it is
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Lab: Comparison of Three Isomers of Butanol Pre-lab: 1. Write the general reaction of an alcohol and HCl. 2. What would the solubility be of an alcohol in water. 3. What would the solubility be of an alkyl halide in water? 4. What is the purpose of KMnO4 in the reactions? Safety: Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive and the vapour is very irritating to the respiratory system. Avoid contact with skin‚ eyes‚ clothing‚ and the lab bench. Wear eye protection and a lab apron.
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* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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Bioresource Technology 79 (2001) 207±225 Review paper The production of poly-(c-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications Ing-Lung Shih *‚ Yi-Tsong Van Department of Environmental Engineering‚ Da-Yeh University‚ 112 Shan-Jiau Road‚ Da-Tsuen‚ Chang-Hwa 51505‚ Taiwan‚ ROC Accepted 9 April 2001 Abstract This review article deals with the chemistry and biosynthesis of poly-(c-glutamic acid) (c-PGA) produced by various strains of Bacillus. Potential applications of
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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Carbon – The Backbone of Biological Molecules * Although cells are 70–95% water‚ the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. * Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large‚ complex‚ and diverse molecules. * Carbon accounts for the diversity of biological molecules and has made possible the great diversity of living things. * Proteins‚ DNA‚ carbohydrates‚ and other molecules that
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