INFRARED WAVES * Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light How They’re Made: Infra red waves are just below visible red light in the electromagnetic spectrum ("Infra" means "below"). You probably think of Infra-red waves as heat‚ because they’re given off by hot objects‚ and you can feel them as warmth on your skin. Infra Red waves are also given off by stars‚ lamps‚ flames and anything else that’s warm - including you. The detector
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21.1 (2013)15-68 brill.aim/himii The Origins of Fossil Capital: From Water to Steam in the British Cotton Industry* Andreas Malm Human Ecology Division/LUCID‚ Lund University Andreas.Malm@lucid.lu.se Abstract The process commonly referred to as business-as-usual has given rise to dangerous climate change‚ but its social history remains strangely unexplored. A key moment in its onset was the transition to steam power as a source of rotary motion in commodity production‚ in Britain
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3.1. Isolation and identification of Bacterial isolates An enrichment culture technique was used for the isolation of bacteria responsible for biodegradation of phorate in soil. Screening of these bacterial species for phorate degradation in liquid cultures in our previous study (Jariyal et al.‚ 2014)‚ resulted in identification of bacterial species B. aerophilus strain Imbl 4.1 ‚ Brevibacterium frigoritolerans strain Imbl 2.1 and Pseudomonas fulva strain Imbl 5.1. However‚ these bacterial species
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techniques are vital in everyday science and so NMR procedure is an absolute essential to deduce compounds and chemical structures; this assignment requires the identification of two samples using an NMR software program. Background NMR spectroscopy is a well established method for structure determination of various organic molecules ranging from small molecules all the way up to large bio-molecules such as proteins‚ DNA and polysaccharides. The chemical environment surrounding each atom as well their
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DISTILLATION HISTORY • Distilling was used as early as 3500 BC in Mesopotamia where perfume makers had developed it as a technique for isolating the scented oils of flowers and plants‚ what we know as “attar”. • Around 1100 AD wine was first distilled to make spirit by Irish monks who travelled around Europe. • The results of distillation were considered to have magical powers and this led to alcohol being called “water of life” or “usige beatha” in Gaelic‚ “eau de vie” in French
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ISOLATION OF TRIMYRISTIN FROM NUTMEG ABSTRACT The purpose if the experiment was to extract the Trimyristan from ground nutmeg using extraction‚ distillation and recrystallization procedures. This experiment involves extraction and separation techniques that yield a purified product. The product was extracted and a distillation process was used to remove any remaining solvent. The recrystallization of the sample in turn produced a pure sample‚ which was proven using the known melting
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Isolation of Trimyristin from Nutmeg by Extraction Introduction: Extraction is the physical process by which a compound or mixture of compounds is transferred from one phase into another. We will be looking specifically at an organic solvent extraction which is a type of solid-liquid extraction. This type of extraction utilizes an organic solvent that has a high affinity for the compound of interest. Most reactions produce a crude mixture of undesired reagent‚ byproducts‚ as well as the
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Experiment 2: Fractional Distillation of a Mixture of Two Unknowns Background: Boiling is a process familiar to anyone who has cooked pasta or brewed tea. As heat is applied to a pan of water‚ the temperature of the water increases until it reaches 100°C (212°F). At this temperature‚ additional heat causes the water to bubble vigorously as the liquid water is converted into gaseous water‚ or steam. Most organic liquids will behave in a similar fashion. On heating‚ the temperature of the liquid
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longer the wavelength of light it can absorb. Conjugation raises the energy of the bonding orbitals and lowers the energy of the antibonding molecular orbital. This lowers the energy gap and therefore means less energy is required to excite electron from ground state to excited state. Mass spectrometry: Mass spectrum gives the weight of a molecule Mass spectrometer converts sample into ions‚ and that these ions can be further fragmented (broken down) into smaller molecules. Ionisation can be achieved
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Mass Spectroscopy Mass spectroscopy is a method used in science and industry in order to obtain the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules and to detect isotopes in a sample based on their masses. In order to do this the method requires an instrument called the ‘mass spectrometer’‚ of which‚ is able extract accurate information of the relative masses of isotopes and their relative abundance. This makes the mass spectrometer very useful for applications such as carbon dating
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