Table of Contents 1. Introduction – Normative assessment of delegation 1 2. Theory ………………………………………………………………………………2 2.1 The Principal-Agent-Theory 2 2.2 Application of Principal-Agent logics to Bureaucracies 3 2.3 Hypotheses 4 2.3.1 Efficiency 4 2.3.2 Depoliticization 5 2.3.3 Shifting responsibilities 6 2.3.4 Decreased likelihood of policy adoption 6 2.3.3 Control variables 6 3. Methods and data 7 3.1 Data 7 3.2. Operationalization of dependent variable 7
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How does the President and Congress control bureaucracy? Federal Bureaucracy is a system of appointed individuals that serve in one of the major departments of our government. Both the President and Congress have some form of control over bureaucracy through several different means. According to Richard W. Waterman and B. Dan Wood in their writings The Dynamics of Political Control of the Bureaucracy‚ state that control is through “political appointment‚ budgeting‚ structure‚ personnel control‚ or
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The state bureaucracy administers/implements the laws of Texas. It is run by executives whose job is to see that the laws of the state are implemented according to the will and intent of the Legislature. Ideally‚ these executive branch officials or bureaucrats are to administer their duties and implement the laws in a neutral manner‚ uninfluenced by politics. In reality‚ state bureaucrats are important players in not just implementation‚ but also policy making. In Texas‚ there is no overall central
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Governing a country with complete civil obedience and compliance has proven to be very difficult by numerous governments throughout history. To establish control‚ governments often become bureaucracies‚ believing this will allow for an easier domination of its people. Countries with lesser amounts of bureaucratic control that practice capitalism‚ for example‚ tend to have more civil cooperation than totalitarian and communist countries with enhanced bureaucratic control. During times of war‚ governments
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Mainly‚ the idea bureaucracy grew dramatically under FDR during the Great Depression and World War II‚ but the growth of bureaucracy began during the early development of the country‚ beginning mainly with George Washington. All in all‚ Washington and Jefferson began a process known as patronage. Initially‚ Washington chose to fill his cabinet with members of party and only his party. As a result‚ Jefferson filled his cabinet with party members who contributed to his campaign‚ or his well respected
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to express our deepest appreciation to Mr Zainal Azhar Bin Zainal Azim who is our lecturer for Islamic Finance on giving us the opportunity to work on the assignment and providing us with lots of support and guidance which has helped us to complete the assignment on time. This assignment has brought us in making lots of research and we came across to acquire new things about Islamic Finance and Islamic banking specifically. Nevertheless‚ we would also like to thank our fellow classmates who
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Research Report of Money and Banking Issues and Problems in Islamic Banking Abstract:- Three decades have passed since the first Islamic bank began its operations in MitGhamr‚ Egypt‚ and more than a decade has passed since the Islamic Republics ofIran and Pakistan adopted a non-interest-based financial system. Profit Loss Sharing (PLS) dominates the theoretical literature on Islamic finance. Broadly‚ PLS is a contractual arrangement between two or more transacting parties‚ which allows
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Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 11; June 2012 Perception of Non-Muslims Customers towards Islamic Banks in Malaysia Abdul Aziz Abdullah Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Kuala Terengganu‚ Terengganu Malaysia Rokiah Sidek International Islamic University Malaysia Gombak‚ Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Ahmad Azrin Adnan Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Kuala Terengganu‚ Terengganu Malaysia Abstract Islamic banking products and services are gaining popularity among non-Muslims across the globe due to its
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My opinion about Islamic finance is when all the transaction not only in banking but in business too‚ that occur must be in accordance with the law of Al-Quran‚ Hadith and Al-Sunnah. It also related with halal and non-halal transaction. In general‚ Islamic finance is defined as a banking system which uses the Syariah as a rule. This means that all operations of the Islamic bank transaction involving either deposit or financing‚ must be based on Syariah principle. These laws forbid to giving and receiving
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Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day‚ influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque‚ the Tomb‚ the Palace and the Fort. From these four types‚ the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for buildings of lesser importance such as public baths‚ fountains and domestic architecture. * 3.1 Persian
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