Iodine deficiency is a major threat to the health and development of the world‚ predominantly among toddlers and pregnant women in low-income countries. It is a significant public health problem in 130 countries and affects 740 million people. An estimated one-third of the world’s population is currently susceptible to the risk of iodine deficiency. Iodine is a vital nutrient for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland‚ which regulates growth and metabolism. Iodine deficiency is the primary cause
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of the initial rate of reaction. The trick‚ of course‚ is knowing when the fixed amount of product has been formed. The following examples illustrate how this can be done. Appearing blue There are a number of so called ’iodine clock’ reactions in which molecular iodine is one of the products. Probably the most famous of these is the reaction involving hydrogen peroxide and iodide
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is most effective‚ this aim will be carried out as an iodine clock reaction. The goal of this aim is to find out what catalyst is best to make this reaction occur at the fastest rate. 3. Determine the effects of the presence of ethanol on the rate equation. It is known that ethanol effects hydrogen peroxide and therefore it has an effect on the rate equation. This aim will find out the effect of ethanol by carrying out the iodine clock reaction with and without ethanol present and the
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Chemical Kinetics: The Iodine-Clock Reaction: S2O82−(aq) + 2 I−(aq) → I2(aq) + 2 SO42−(aq) To measure the rate of this reaction we must measure the rate of concentration change of one of the reactants or products. Here‚ it is convenient to carry out a clock reaction involving the product I2. To do this‚ you will include (to the reacting S2O82− and I−) i) a small (but accurately known) amount of sodium thiosulfate‚ Na2S2O3‚ and ii) some starch indicator. The added Na2S2O3 does not interfere with
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orange juice is held in a test subject’s mouth‚ the greater the ability of the test subject’s saliva will become to break down starches. Dependent Variable: pH of the saliva. Independent Variable: time that the juice is swished in the mouth. Controlled Variables: Orange juice only. The amount of orange juice tested must be the same for every trial. A 1% starch solution must be used in every test tube. Identical iodine solutions must be used to test the starch solution. The temperature
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The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch is carried out under milder conditions: lower temperatures (up to 1000C)‚ normal pressure‚ pH of the medium around 6 – 8. At the same time enzymatic hydrolysis is characterized by high reaction rate‚ high stability of the enzyme towards the denaturizing action of solvents‚ detergents‚ proteolytic enzymes‚ and a decrease in the viscosity of the reaction medium at higher temperatures‚ etc. Most often‚ enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out with the enzyme α-amylase from
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Focused Question: How can one determine the presence of glucose‚ starch‚ lipid‚ and protein in various samples? Pre-lab Questions: • Glucose is a monosaccharide. What does this mean? A monosaccaride is a carbohydrate molecule with three to seven carbon atoms with the corresponding number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. • Proteins are made of amino acids. What atom is present in an amino acid that is not present in a sugar molecule? One nitrogen atom is present per molecule in an amino acid
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Experiment 2: Starch Hydrolysis by Amylase Theoretical Background Polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides‚ and make up some of the most important naturally occurring compounds [1]. They have thousands of monosaccharide units linked to each other by oxygen bridges. They include starch‚ glycogen‚ and cellulose‚ all three of which yield only glucose when completely hydrolyzed [2]. A B Figure 1. Starch (amylose) (A) and cellulose (B) Starch occurs
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The Iodine Clock Investigation Introduction This is an investigation into the rate of a reaction and the factors that contribute to how fast a reaction will take place. Through the recording and analysis of raw data‚ this investigation also allows us to apply generally accepted scientific rules and to test them against results gained from accurate experimental procedures. Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the rate at which iodine is formed when the concentration
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Treating Starch How are starch and cellulose treated to allow them to be used in yeast? Starches: · All potable alcohol and most fermentation industrial alcohol is currently made principally from grains. · Fermentation of starch from grain is somewhat more complex than fermentation of sugars because starch must first be converted to sugar and then to ethanol. · Starch is converted enzymatically to glucose either by diastase presents in sprouting grain or by fungal amylase. · The resulting
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