Hwa Chong Institution (High School) Secondary 4 End of Year Examinations Chemistry Revision Notes List of topics: 1. Atomic Structure 2. Separation Techniques 3. Chemical Bonds and Bonding (Ionic‚ Covalent) 4. Metals 5. Properties and structures of compounds 6. Qualitative Analysis 7. Acids‚ Bases and Salts 8. Chemical Periodicity 9. Chemical Calculations 10. Air and Environment 11. Electrochemistry (Including Redox reactions) 12. Thermochemistry 13. Rates of Reaction 14. Chemical
Free Atom Electron Chemical bond
with the sample under controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidant consumed is expressed in terms of its oxygen equivalence. Because of its unique chemical properties‚ the dichromate ion (Cr2O72–) is the specified oxidant in Methods Section 5220B‚ Section 5220C‚ and Section 5220D; it is reduced to the chromic ion (Cr3+) in these tests. Both organic and inorganic components of a sample are subject to oxidation‚ but in most cases the organic component predominates and is of the greater interest. If
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CONTENT INTRODUCTION WATER PURIFICATION BY NANOPARTICLES NANOPARTICLES IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT MATERIALS AND METHODS CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION WATER PURIFICATION: It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals‚ biological contaminants‚ suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. NEED: The goal of this process is to produce water fit for a specific purpose
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prepare the Grignard reagent methylmagnesium iodide and react it with benzoin to form the 3o alcohol 1‚2-diphenyl-1‚2-propanediol‚ through an addition reaction pathway. Introduction: Grignard reagents are alkyl or aryl-magnesium halides that act as the nucleophile in Grignard reactions‚ where ketones are reacted with the reagent‚ then treated with acid to produce an alcohol. In the case of this experiment‚ methylmagnesium iodide was created from methyl iodide and magnesium metal. It acted as the Grignard
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reactivities of different alkyl halides with two different reagents; sodium iodide in acetone and silver nitrate in ethanol. Below the reaction equations 1. RX+NAIRI+NAX (X=Cl or Br) in the presence of acetone 2. RX+AgNO3+EtOHROEt+AgX+HNO3 We used three substrates primary secondary and tertiary compounds are 1-bromobutane‚ 2-bromobutane and 2-bromo-2-methylpropane respectively to react with the two nucleophiles that are sodium iodide with acetone solvent and silver nitrate with ethanol solvent. Based
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for that hormone affected Target cells Tissues with receptors for specific hormone Hormones alter target cell activity Hormone action on target cells may be to Alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels Stimulate synthesis of
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Title : The Vitamin C content of fruit juice Aim : To investigate the vitamin C content of fruit juice. Introduction : [2]Vitamin C‚ also known as the ascorbic acid or the L-ascorbate‚ is required for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of our body. It is necessary to form collagen‚ an important protein used to make skin‚ scar tissue‚ tendons‚ ligaments‚ and blood vessels. Vitamin C is essential for the healing of wounds as well as for the repair and maintenance of cartilage‚ bones
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In chemistry‚ an ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. Usually‚ the positively charged portion consists of metal cations and the negatively charged portion is an anion or polyatomic ion. Ions in ionic compounds are held together by the electrostatic forcesbetween oppositely charged bodies. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points‚ and they are hard and very brittle. Ions can be single atoms‚ as the sodium and chlorine in common
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8.2 Chemical Earth 8.2.1 The living and non-living components of the Earth contain mixtures * Construct word and balanced formulae equations of chemical reactions as they are encountered Combustion reaction (burning) element + oxygen → oxide e.g. 4Na (S) + O2 (g) → Na2O (s) Reaction with hydrogen element + hydrogen → hydride e.g. Ca (s) + H2 (g) → CaH2 (s) Reaction between an oxide and water metallic oxide + water → hydroxide * metallic oxide is also known as “basic oxide” e.g
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temperature on the rate of reaction. To investigate the order of reaction with respect to hydrogen peroxide and ethanoic acid (acetic acid) by the use of an oscillating clock reaction. To determine the activation enthalpy with and without catalytic ions and use this to compare the effectiveness. To investigate the rate equation‚ rate constant and possible mechanism for this reaction. Background research: The Briggs-Rauscher reaction The Briggs-Rauscher reaction also known as the oscillating clock
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