Transition Metals 1a) The d-orbitals of a free transition metal atom or ion are degenerate (all have the same energy.) However‚ when transition metals form coordination complexes‚ the d-orbitals of the metal interact with the electron cloud of the ligands in such a manner that the d-orbitals become non-degenerate (not all having the same energy.) The way in which the orbitals are split into different energy levels is dependent on the geometry of the complex. Crystal field theory can be used to predict
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Antioxidant Concept: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an antioxidant. The amount of vitamin C content in food can be found out by titrating with an oxidising agent‚ e.g. iodine. In the reaction‚ vitamin C is oxidised‚ while iodine is reduced to iodide ions. The endpoint is determined by the formation of blue-black starch-iodine complex when all vitamin C is oxidised and excess iodine is free to react with the starch solution added as indicator. Introduction Vitamin C is an important component of
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Add a 2.0 gram iron rod to the solution and observe the reaction. 2 Fe + 3 CuSO4 = 3 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 The new product is iron (III) sulfate‚ it contains the Fe 3+ ion which is brown. Lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide solutions Pour about 2.0 mL of lead (II) nitrate into the test tube. Add 5 to 10 drops of potassium iodide solution to the test tube and record your observations of the reaction. Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI = 2 KNO3 + PbI2 2. Magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid solution Place
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(KMnO4) and oxalate ion (C2O42-) C. Iodine clock reaction A. REACTION BETWEEN LEAD NITRATE AND POTASSIUM CHROMATE SOLUTIONS Lead nitrate reacts with potassium chromate to form yellow lead chromate precipitate and aqueous potassium nitrate. The formation of a yellow precipitate indicates the completion of the reaction. The reaction is extremely fast. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) → PbCrO4 (s) + KNO3 (aq) B. REACTION BETWEEN POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND OXALATE ION The reaction between
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Gerona‚ Evelyn Chemical Reactions Experiment No. 7 Date Performed: Feb. 17‚ 2014 Date Submitted: Feb. 24‚ 2014 Mrs. Vitancol I. Theoretical Framework A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically‚ chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms‚ with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present)‚ and can often
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CHEMICAL KINETICS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The balanced equation of the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and Hydrochloric acid is: S2O32- (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) SO2 (g) + S (s) +H2O (l) Using beakers with the same diameter was very important in conducting the experiment. If different sizes were used‚ the visibility of the “x” on the paper beneath the beaker could disappear from view too early or too late than the hypothetical time depending on the depth of the solution. It was also significant
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12.097 Environmental Chemistry of Boston Harbor – IAP 2006 Lab 1: DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN BY WINKLER TITRATION 1. Background Knowledge of the dissolved oxygen (O2) concentration in seawater is often necessary in environmental and marine science. It may be used by physical oceanographers to study water masses in the ocean. It provides the marine biologist with a means of measuring primary production - particularly in laboratory cultures. For the marine chemist‚ it provides a measure of
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oxidized when exposed to air and light. Vitamin C is a fairly strong reducing agent and decolorizes many dyes. Its aqueous solutions are rapidly oxidized by air; this reaction is accelerated in basic solution and in the presence of iron and copper ions. The vitamin-C content of juices can decrease rapidly with time once the juice is exposed to air. (Much of the information reported here about vitamin C was obtained from the Merck Index‚ Susan Budavari‚ Ed.‚ Merck and Co.‚ Inc.‚ Rahway‚ NJ‚ 1989‚
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atoms/molecules/ions as there are atoms in a 12g sample of carbon -12 12g of carbon-12 contains a constant number of atoms. This number is known as the Avogadro constant (L) and is equal to 6.02 x 1023. 1 mole of carbon-12 contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. Therefore‚ 1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms/molecules/ions. For example‚ 1 mole of aluminium contains 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms 1 mole of ammonia contains 6.02 x 1023 NH3 molecules 1 mole of iron ions contains 6.02 x
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done by forming triiodide ions. To make the measurement more accurate‚ starch was added to help determine the endpoint of the solution. The significance of this lab is that industry can use these techniques to determine the amount of NaClO in the bleach of the rival industry and improve it. Hypothesis: The hypothesis is that‚ an accurate determination of NaClO in commercial bleach can be done. By mixing the acidified iodide ion to the hypochlorite solution‚ the iodide is oxidized to iodine which
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