civilizations." In the vast Indus River plains (located in what is today Pakistan and western India)‚ under layers of land and mounds of dirt‚ archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4‚600 year-old city. A thriving‚ urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and Mesopotamian states — in an area twice each of their sizes. The Indian civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations of the world. It is known as the Sindhu civilization or the Indus Valley civilization or the Aryan
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Geography and Early Civilizations Geography had a tremendous impact on early civilizations‚ the topography of the different regions played a key role in their development and formation. This statement by Fernand Braudel “ Geography is the stage in which humanity’s endless dramas are played out” (Getz et al.‚ Exchanges‚ 26) is a very moving and telling description. The terrain‚ whether it is natural or man made is not the end all‚ be all. It does however affect the stage a great deal. Mountainous
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Chapter One Notes Before Civilization (Circa Lorraine) Culture: constituted by learned patterns of action and expression FOOD GATHERING AND STONE TECHNOLOGY Stone tool-making first appeared around 2 million years ago Stone Age Lasted from 2 million to about 4‚000 years ago Misleading label: bone‚ skin and wood just survive poorly Paleolithic = Old Stone Age Neolithic = New Stone Age Foundations of science‚ art‚ and religion begin here May have believed in afterlife In game-rich areas
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PART I From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations‚ 2.5 million–1000 B.C.E.: Origins Overview. The first human beings appeared in east Africa over two million years ago. Gradually humans developed a more erect stance and greater brain capacity. Early humans lived by hunting and gathering. The most advanced human species‚ Homo sapiens sapiens‚ migrated from Africa into the Middle East‚ then into Europe‚ Asia‚ Australia‚ and the Americas. Over time‚ they learned to fashion tools and weapons from
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Chapter 1 Part 1 Early Man • Most of the 2 million plus years of mans existence has been associated with the Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age. • This period had both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens sapiens and lasted until 14‚000 years ago. HE disappeared about 40‚000 years ago. HSS are our direct descendants. Hunter/Gatherer and Late Paleolithic Developments • HG economies dominated human history until 9000 BCE and help propel migration over most of the lands of the earth. • Tool
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BCE. Despite the views that the first writing system was invented in Mesopotamia there are other researches that have refuted this claim as it is believed that writing systems were also developed independently in other parts of the world (Egypt and Indus) around the same time as in Sumerian. There are four writing systems that are considered to have developed around the time of 3000 BCE up to 600 BCE: Cuneiform of Sumerian‚ Egyptian hieroglyphs‚ Chinese logographs and Olmec scripts. Though the writing
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What Drives Political and Economic Development in Ancient Civilizations? Compared to present-day civilizations‚ civilizations of the past depended much more on its physical surroundings. Because transporting goods required lots of time and manpower‚ it was expensive. Thus‚ the characteristics of many civilizations were dependent on the physical environments and natural resources that were easily accessible. Clearly‚ a civilization centered on a river has major advantages over one that is not
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------------------------------------------------- Indus Valley Civilization From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia Early extent of the Indus Valley Civilization imposed over modern borders Bronze Age | ↑ Chalcolithic | Near East (3600-1200 BC)Caucasus‚ Anatolia‚ Levant‚ Indus valley‚ Mesopotamia‚ Elam‚ Jiroft‚Aegean Civilization‚Bronze Age collapseEurope (3200-600 BC)Caucasus (Maykop culture)Basarabi cultureCoțofeni culturePecica cultureOtomani cultureWietenberg cultureCatacomb cultureSrubna
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(Kot Diji Phase‚ Nausharo I‚ Mehrgarh VII) 2600-1900 Mature Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) Integration Era 2600-2450 Harappan 3A (Nausharo II) 2450-2200 Harappan 3B 2200-1900 Harappan 3C 1900-1300 Late Harappan (Cemetery H); Ochre Coloured Pottery Localisation Era 1900-1700 Harappan 4 1700-1300 Harappan 5 1300-300 Painted Gray Ware‚ Northern Black Polished Ware (Iron Age) Indo-Gangetic TraditionThe Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature
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to the west‚ the various deserts and basins in the northeast and the low lying valleys and plains in the east. Most of China however consists of mountains and plateaus such as the Tibetan Plateau which leads into the Himalayan Mountains and Mount Everest. Plus how geography affects its civilization. Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era. Which was great because for transportation of things such
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