Measurement of National Income • Like the accounts of a business national income accounts have two sides: a product side and an income side. • On the product side production and sales are measured. • The income side measures the distribution of the proceeds from sales. • On the product side there are two widely reported measures of overall production: • Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP) • GDP and GNP differ in their treatment of international transactions. • GNP
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Per capita income as a measure of prosperity Per capita income is often used as average income‚ a measure of the wealth of the population of a nation‚ particularly in comparison to other nations. Per capita income is often used to measure a country’s standard of living. It is usually expressed in terms of a commonly used international currency such as the Euro or United States dollar‚ and is useful because it is widely known‚ easily calculated from readily-available GDP and population estimates
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1. Define difference and inequality Difference as per the dictionary definition would convey the points of dissimilarity for example the observational differences between men and women‚ however difference in the social sciences and humanistic context‚ difference contrasts‚ social groupings such as the different nationalities‚ ‘gender‚ class‚ age or sexuality’1However difference is not limited to these alone it may take the form of the attitudes and preferences held by individuals. Distinction
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Income-tax Act‚ 1961 | No. | Title | Section - 001 | Short title‚ extent and commencement | | Section - 002 Part A | Definitions [Clause (1) to Clause (15)] - "Advance Tax" to "Charitable Purpose" | | Section - 002 Part B | Definitions [Clause (15A) to Clause (30)] - "Chief Commissioner" to "Non-resident" | | Section - 002 Part C | Definitions [Clause (31) to Clause (48)] - "Person" to "Zero Coupon Bond" | | Section - 003 | Previous year defined | | Section - 004
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY A FINAL PAPER IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY John Pascual Magnawa Renee Sangalang Rafael Orayani Joshua De Leon LF105 AB- CDA 2nd Trimester AY 2014- 2015 Ms. Catherine Dee Samaniego I. Introduction Socio-economic inequality refers to how the social factors affect and is influenced by the economic activities. This inequality limits the opportunities to be given to individuals and social groups‚ creating an unequal distribution of income that creates a gap between the wealthy
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ZARA Income Statement Period Ending: 2012 31/12 2011 31/12 2010 31/12 2009 31/12 Total Revenue 82.98 78.19 89.69 76.7 Revenue 82.98 78.19 89.69 76.7 Other Revenue‚ Total - - - - Cost of Revenue‚ Total 60.29 56.72 59.02 52 Gross Profit 22.69 21.47 30.67 24.7 Total Operating Expenses 77.61 73.35 74.12 63.51 Selling/General/Admin. Expenses‚ Total 3.69 3.24 3.96 3.56 Research & Development - - - - Depreciation / Amortization 13.63 13.38 11.14 7
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Low income community is the target market for extreme value retailers like Dollar General and Family Dollar. But they also serve the rural and urban shoppers that belong to low-to-middle-income families‚ ethic groups and older customers with fixed incomes. The low income families experience significant higher levels of material hardships than families one rung father up the economic ladder – families with incomes two to three times the poverty level. They tend to skip meals or not being
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some consumers. Proportion of income required by the item: products requiring a larger portion of the consumer’s income tend to have greater elasticity. • Time period considered: elasticity tends to be greater over the long run because consumers have more time to adjust their behavoir to price changes. Income elasticity of demand measure the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of good X to a given change in level of income‚ ceteris paribus. Income elasticity of demand is calculated
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Today‚ earnings management methods‚ such as income smoothing‚ are becoming more and more ubiquitous ways of improving earnings quality and attractiveness to investors. Because investors pay such close attention to income levels and firm stability‚ such methods are coming under heavy scrutiny‚ and are receiving more attention in the way of research and studies. The scrutiny is an attempt to explain the effects‚ and whether or not‚ in the long-run‚ these methods of earnings management are‚ in fact
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POVERTY‚ INEQUALITY‚ AND CRIME "Poverty is the normal condition of man" (Robert Heinlein) Poverty‚ or stratification by social class‚ was the first sociological variable ever looked into as a possible cause of crime. Some sociologists would say religion was the first sociological variable‚ but the field of criminology claims a slightly different heritage. There are two reasons why social class and poverty came to be of particular interest: (1) it was an enduring social problem in all societies
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