Measurement of National Income • Like the accounts of a business national income accounts have two sides: a product side and an income side. • On the product side production and sales are measured. • The income side measures the distribution of the proceeds from sales. • On the product side there are two widely reported measures of overall production: • Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP) • GDP and GNP differ in their treatment of international transactions. • GNP
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Price elasticity of demand measures the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a good X to a given change to a price of itself‚ ceteris paribus. Price elasticity of demand is calculated by dividing the proportionate change in quantity demanded by the proportionate change in price. When PED is greater than one (PED > 1) demand is said to be elastic When PED is between zero to one (0 > PED > 1) demand in said to be inelastic When PED is equal to one (PED > 1) demand is said to be unit-elastic
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Circular Flow of Income Model We start our study of macroeconomics Macroeconomics is a part of the subject that considers the economy as a whole. When we study macroeconomics we look at changes in economic growth; inflation; unemployment and our trade performance with other countries (i.e. the balance of payments). The scope of macroeconomics also includes an evaluation of the relative success or failure of government economic policies. by introducing the idea of the circular flow The circular
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20: Income Inequality and Poverty 1) Income Inequality and Poverty A person’s earnings depend on the supply and demand for that person’s labor‚ which in turn depend on natural ability‚ human capital‚ compensating differentials‚ discrimination‚ and so on. 2) THE MEASUREMENT OF INEQUALITY How much inequality is there in our society? How many people live in poverty? What problems arise in measuring the amount of inequality? How often do people move among income classes? 3) Table 1 The Distribution
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the total population. However it must be remembered that real income per capita on its own is both an inaccurate and insufficient indicator of true living standards both within and between countries. National income data can be used to make cross-country comparisons. This requires * Converting GDP data into a common currency (normally the dollar or the Euro) * Making an adjustment to reflect differences in the average cost of goods and services in each country to produce data expressed at a ‘purchasing
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CASE STUDY: Modernization of NTUC Income? 1.)What were the problems faced by Income in this case? How were the problems solved by thenew digital system? The insurance operations in the company income tired and very laborious and require a large number of staff and rely on the system documentary‚ which led to the complexity of operations and the collapse of the system hp3000 central frequently and who was treated applications cooperative insurance and accounting information systems and administrative
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Recently‚ a term known as income inequality has been thrown around in the debate between the rich and the poor. Income inequality is the unfair and ever expanding disparity between the nation ’s highest-income households‚ and the lowest-income households. Although it ’s impossible to establish 100% equality‚ due to it being unfair to give everyone the same exact income even though certain individuals work harder than others‚ thus it should be our
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Income-tax Act‚ 1961 | No. | Title | Section - 001 | Short title‚ extent and commencement | | Section - 002 Part A | Definitions [Clause (1) to Clause (15)] - "Advance Tax" to "Charitable Purpose" | | Section - 002 Part B | Definitions [Clause (15A) to Clause (30)] - "Chief Commissioner" to "Non-resident" | | Section - 002 Part C | Definitions [Clause (31) to Clause (48)] - "Person" to "Zero Coupon Bond" | | Section - 003 | Previous year defined | | Section - 004
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National Income is defined as the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country‚ in a particular period of time. Normally this period consists of one year duration‚ as a year is neither too short nor long a period. National product is usually used synonymous with National income. Concepts of National Income There are different concepts of National Income‚ namely; GNP‚ GDP‚ NNP‚ Personal Income and Disposable Income. Gross National Product (GNP) GNP at market price is sum total of
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Steven Bernal Income Distribution Egoist The manner in which Income is being distributed in today’s society is not efficiently benefiting individuals. Struggling businesses are unable to afford an adequate number of employees due to minimum wage requirements and this in turn is taking away the opportunity of less qualified personnel to obtain the position for less pay and receive training. People are looking to tax inheritance in hopes of creating a more equal opportunity for everyone
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