Penta ltd (Investment appraisal) Introduction What is investment appraisal? It is the activity responsible for carrying out a cost benefit analysis to justify capital expenditure for a new investment. Capital investment decisions are those decisions that make current outlays in return for a stream of benefits in future years. . The characteristic of many investments is risk and uncertainty. many organisations prefer to avoid high risk investments but may consider these investments if they
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Running head: “TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES” Types of Alternative Strategies In APA Style Chikita Martin Herzing University Strategic Management Alternative Strategies There are 11 alternative strategies; forward integration which means gaining ownership or increased control over distributors and retailers‚ backward integration which is seeking ownership or increased control of a firm’s suppliers‚ horizontal integration which is seeking ownership or increased control over competitors
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benefits of investment wherever possible. Any project which requires an outlay of money or other resources and which then generates a flow of costs and benefits in subsequent periods should be regarded as an investment. The financial appraisal methods helps in guiding whether to incur an expense now so that benefits can be ripped in later periods (investment)‚ or whether the funds should be used to generate immediate benefits‚ now ( consumption ) Deciding where to focus the investment of an organization
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The leadership skills that an event manager needs in order to be successful Successful event management is the skill of applying project management knowledge in the organization of simple‚ medium or complex events. The events may range from birthdays‚ weddings‚ festivals‚ games to conferences. For any event‚ the organizing team is led by a manager or a group of managers. They are responsible of controlling‚ planning‚ giving tasks to their staff and periodically evaluating the progress
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Firms did not flourish until the early 20th century. They emerged as an authorized structure and were granted exclusive rights to trade and conduct business in certain markets and products. The fact that firms are a different way to organize economic activities cannot explain explicitly and adequately the reason of firm formation. Many socialists and economists have given their interpretations of the conditions under which firms emerged and developed in certain ways in a specialised exchange economy
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Risk and Return: Portfolio Theory and Asset Pricing Models Portfolio Theory Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Efficient frontier Capital Market Line (CML) Security Market Line (SML) Beta calculation Arbitrage pricing theory Fama-French 3-factor model Portfolio Theory • Suppose Asset A has an expected return of 10 percent and a standard deviation of 20 percent. Asset B has an expected return of 16 percent and a standard deviation of 40 percent. If the correlation between A and B is 0.6
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Returns 1 RETURNS Prices and returns Let Pt be the price of an asset at time t. Assuming no dividends the net return is Pt Pt − Pt−1 −1= Rt = Pt−1 Pt−1 The simple gross return is Pt = 1 + Rt Pt−1 Returns 2 Example: If Pt−1 = 2 and Pt = 2.1 then 2.1 Pt 1 + Rt = = = 1.05 and Rt = 0.05 Pt−1 2 Returns 3 The gross return over k periods (t − k to t) is 1 + Rt (k) := Pt−1 Pt−k+1 Pt Pt ··· = Pt−k Pt−1 Pt−2 Pt−k = (1 + Rt ) · · · (1 + Rt−k+1 ) Returns are • scale-free‚ meaning that they do not depend
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Dell is currently one of the top manufacturers of computers and can be considered a powerhouse of the computer industry that can also be found selling in any electronic stores in today’s market. A reason why Dell has such a reputation of success is because they have been known to pay close attention to every little detail that they put into their computers and the parts that go into them over the years since they started producing. However‚ mistakes can easily be made and failing to pay close enough
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the private sector firms‚ restrictions on foreign investment‚ high tariff and non-tariff restrictions on imports‚ which held up the growth of the manufacturing sector in India. This has been replaced by a more liberal industrial and trade policy regime‚ through the inception of new economic policy in 1991. The major focus of these policies had been to dismantle the complex web of controls that severely constrained the emergence and operation of the private entrepreneurs. Investment performance has been
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Managers are in business to make money. Product or service. SUPPLIERS - Source – Make – Deliver - CUSTOMERS They also Plan – above Make. Also‚ service product/service after they deliver product/service. Today more than ever‚ managers/SC must manage returns. Managing the return function is extremely important now. SCOR model – supply chain operations reference model. How businesses do business. Projects and processes. Improve processes of projects. Can you have a perfect process? Should
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