(1989). Studies in the Way of Words. London: Harvard University Press. Hymes‚ D. H. (1986). Discourse: Scope without depth. In International Journal of the Sociology of Language‚ 57‚ 49-89. Keenan‚ E. O. (1976). On the universality of conversational implicatures. Language in Society 5.67-80. Lakoff‚ R. (1973). The logic of politeness‚ or minding your p ’s and q ’s. In Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. 292-305. Loveday‚ L Mey‚ J. (1994). Pragmatics. An Introduction
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Reading: Iñiguez‚ L (2003) Análisis del Discurso (chapter 3). Editorial UOC. Very readable and avoids technical terminology. Wetherell‚ M (2001) Themes in Discourse Research: the case of Diana. In Wetherell et al (eds) Discourse Theory and Practice London: Sage Comprehensive and clear. Discourse Analysis "Discourse analysis" means many things to many people. One thing they all agree on is that the analyst’s first focus must be on language‚ and what it does in the world. So far‚ CA agrees
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Conversational Analysis I: Definition of “conversational Analysis” Treatment of conversation developed by sociologists in the early 1970s which concentrates on relations between successive “turns” on the operation of a hypothetical turn-taking system.” This system ensures (according to the hypothesis) that at any moment a specific speaker will have the floor‚ and that when their turn ends that of the next speaker will follow smoothly without (according to those proposing the hypothesis) an appreciable
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In this Assignment‚ I will analyse two chapters‚ of the Charles Dickens novel‚ ‘Hard times’. Hard Times will be stylistically analysed for speech/ thought presentation‚ point of view‚ Parallelism and Gricean implicature. The opening chapter introduces the first character within the novel‚ Mr Gradgrind the speaker in the extract and the patron of the school. The novels opening lines are spoken by Mr Gradgrind‚ ‘Now what I want is Facts.’ ‘Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts.’ The word ‘Fact’
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required. (3) The maxim of relation / relevance (“Stick to the point”) Make your contributions relevant. (4) The maxim of manner (“Be clear”) Avoid obscurity. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly. Conversational implicature Paul Grice identified three types of general conversational implicatures: 1. The speaker deliberately flouts a conversational maxim to convey an additional
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The Cooperative Principle: Thoughts on its Uses and Flaws Ferdinand de Saussure was the founding father of the division of language into two components: the signifier and the signified. The signified is pure information‚ the signifier a matter of conveying it. Herbert Paul Grice developed the Cooperative Principle‚ which can be divided into four Gricean maxims. These maxims constitute a way of understanding the relationship between the signifier and the signified‚ or‚ in other words‚ the
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forward‚ the linguistic philosopher H.P. Grice attempted to explain how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant‚ from the level of literally expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning and he termed the implied meaning conversational implicature in his theory. Grice suggests that there is a general principle guiding conversation what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP for short)‚ and communicators observe the general conversational maxims of truthfulness‚ informativeness‚ relevance
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| Questions: 1. What is one way entailment? Give an example. 2. What are presuppositions? Give an example. 3. Distinguish between semantics and pragmatics. 4. Distinguish between generalized implicatures and particularized implicatures. 5. Analyze the sentences in the following paragraph in terms of Theme and Rheme. Parts of Northern Britain were brought to a standstill by heavy snow and ice yesterday with roads closed and dangerous driving conditions. Scotland
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[1.0 INTRODUCTION]This essay discusses the four maxims of Grice’s co-operative principle and how they are broken. In the first section I describe each of the four maxims. By providing dialogues from an American sitcom ’The Big Bang Theory’; I explain how each of these maxims are broken in various ways. In the second section‚ I examine how these methods of breaking maxims can overlap one another. In the final section‚ I conclude on the role that these maxims play in conversation and how they achieve
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Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction Pragmatics is the study of meaning recognition expressed either in oral or in written forms‚ which deals with the use of social context and the ways people produce and comprehend meanings through language (Mey‚ 2011). Language as a tool to express or convey meaning is widely used in communication. Conversely‚ communication‚ as it uses language‚ functions for many different purposes and one of which is persuasion. Persuasion is an act of convincing
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