Briefly describe the four categories of antibody effector functions. One of the several means of protection of the body against pathogens is the activation of B cells and their generation of antibodies. These antibodies can be involved in four main functions: neutralization‚ opsonization‚ complement fixation and mediation of cytotoxicity. Neutralizing antibodies are the ones that block pathogens from gaining access to the cell by binding to receptors that the pathogen uses for this purpose. In
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Conclusion 1. Explain why antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. Specific antibodies are linked to specific antigens. Scientists can track whether or not a person has a disease through the antibodies present in the body. 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in an ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? So the substrate would turn a detectable form. It catalyzes so the antibody
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I completed my community service for the Autism Speaks U 5K run/3K walk‚ which was located at Kendrick Park in downtown Amherst. The mission of this organization is to spread awareness and fund research for autism‚ and there are 4 pillars which are research‚ awareness‚ advocate‚ and family services. This organization serves children with autism who live anywhere in the nation and are the younger demographic‚ but can be any race/ethnicity‚ gender‚ socioeconomic status‚ and group identity. I am different
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According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2017)‚ vaccination programs rely on herd immunity to prevent outbreaks of diseases. With the intention of protecting the community‚ the aim is to get most members vaccinated. This will reduce the chances of person to-person transmission because there is little opportunity for outbreak. Herd immunization protects children who are not eligible for certain vaccines such as infants‚ pregnant women‚ not fully immunized or cannot get
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Healthy People 2020: Childhood Immunizations Every year‚ the number of preventable diseases fluctuates. In 2008 the number of measles cases worldwide was 147‚181‚ and in 2011 the number of cases was 356‚632. However‚ in 2014‚ the number was back down to 138‚386 (Council on Foreign Relations‚ n.d.). The suffering related to childhood preventable diseases like: polio‚ measles‚ mumps‚ chicken pox‚ and whooping cough‚ is a tragedy that not only affects the infected individual‚ but also the family‚ community
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Germs‚ such as bacteria and viruses sometimes enter the body. When this happens‚ the bacteria or virus attack the body’s cells and begin to multiply. When this happens‚ it is known as an infection which in turn make people ill. Our body uses its immune system to fight of the infection that has began spreading in the body. Vaccines are used to help our immune system develop an immunity by imitating the infection. This means that there is a small amount of the bacteria or virus introduced to the body
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Every research project requires extensive preparations in order to succeed. For bat surveys‚ it is essential to use precautionary procedures and handling training in order to maximize safety. The CDC highly recommends rabies vaccinations for those working with any mammal capable of rabies‚ especially bats. In the United States‚ bats are leading in human rabies transmission. The rabies vaccine that handlers receive is specifically pre-exposure. When getting this vaccine‚ it is imperative to communicate
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In 2010‚ the study that sparked the anti-vaccine movement was fully retracted from the journal which published it as a result of its author‚ Dr. Andrew Wakefield‚ being found to have a massive conflict of interest‚ amidst other ethical issues. Dr. Wakefield was employed by lawyers suing over alleged vaccine injuries (Novella‚ 2010). For the purpose of money‚ Dr. Wakefield sparked a worldwide debate over the legitimacy of vaccines as a whole‚ and has caused the deaths of thousands by proxy. The misinformed
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Jawlock‚ also called Tetanus‚ is distinct among diseases that can be prevented by vaccine because it cannot be transferred from person to person. So unlike other diseases it wouldn’t be any benefit to vaccinate a few since each individual must be vaccinated separately since it is not a contagious disease. Tetanus happens when someone gets a dirty wound that contains a bacteria called Clostridium tetani. The spores in this bacteria grow into a strong toxic called tetanospasmin that damages your muscles
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Alterations in Immunity Case Study 1. Explain the process of anaphylaxis. Could shellfish be the only cause for Mr. Smith’s reaction? Anaphylaxis occurs when a hypersensitivity reaction is extremely severe. It happens within minutes of the reexposure to the antigen. In this case it would be considered systemic anaphylaxis. Unless treated quickly it can result in death. Mr. Smith presented with anaphylaxis symptoms that occurred within minutes of exposure to the allergen and included abdominal
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