CHAPTER 4: ENZYMES Enzymes are biological catalysts. There are about 40‚000 different enzymes in human cells‚ each controlling a different chemical reaction. They increase the rate of reactions by a factor of between 106 to 1012 times‚ allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at normal temperatures. They were discovered in fermenting yeast in 1900 by Buchner‚ and the name enzyme means "in yeast". As well as catalysing all the metabolic reactions of cells (such as respiration
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May 1‚ 2013 Enzymes as Drug Targets Enzymes are defined as any of numerous proteins produced in living cells that accelerate or catalyze the metabolic processes of an organism. Enzymes are usually very selective in the molecules that they act upon‚ called substrates‚ often reacting with only a single substrate. The substrate binds to the enzyme at a location called the active site just before the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme takes place. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions by up to
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structure of the enzyme is mainly dependent on the active site and variable groups. Extreme temperatures or extreme pHs can alter the structure of an enzyme. Enzymes function to lower the activation energy to break the bonds. They achieve this by putting stress and pressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the substrate. Enzymes are regulated by inhibitors or activators and can be inhibited by the products of the reaction‚ called feedback inhibition. Enzymes are catalytic proteins;
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4436 0.7056 0.4298 50 0.4343 0.4077 0.4137 0.4185 60 0.3486 0.4466 0.7991 0.3976 70 1.0500 0.8146 0.8146 1.0455 Length of beetroot cylinders = 1cm There were no qualitative results taken in this experiment‚ I have highlighted in green my anomalies in this experiment which I did not include when calculating the mean of my results. When calculating my results‚ the calorimeter was set to 0.05au instead of 0.0au as a starting figure. For this reason‚ I have included another table
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An experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of the Enzyme Trypsin. Aim: This investigation was on the effect temperature has on the rate that the enzyme trypsin hydrolyses its substrate‚ a protein found in milk (casein). This investigation was conducted under controlled conditions‚ the temperature being the changeable variable. Trypsin and its substrate (powdered milk which is a source of the protein casein) were heated in a water bath. The contents of the two
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The Effect Of Enzyme Concentration On Enzyme Activity The pancreatic duct in individuals who have cystic fibrosis frequently becomes blocked‚ reducing or preventing the release of pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine. The aim of this activity is to investigate the effect of a reduction in enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction‚ in this case the breakdown of protein by protease enzymes. Aim – Milk powder contains a white protein called casein. A white suspension of
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956 IB COMPUTER SCIENCE SL This course will introduce students to the field of computer science. Topics covered include computer and network organization‚ system fundamentals‚ computational thinking and problem-solving. The social and ethical implications of computer systems will be addressed as well as one topic from databases‚ web-programming‚ simulations or OOP programming. Students are required to develop a project and the associated documentation that solves a real-world problem of their
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MISEP Chemistry 512 – Jacobs Enzyme Catalyst Lab - Formal Report – August 8‚ 2007 ABSTRACT This investigation examined what would happen to the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction if the concentration of substrate changed. We hypothesized that if the concentration increased‚ then the reaction rate would also increase. To test our question‚ we varied a combination of substrate and buffer‚ totaling 6mL‚ with a constant amount of 2 drops of catalyst. The enzyme catalyst‚ peroxidase‚ increased
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Enzyme kinetics (catalase/kmno4) Enzyme catalysis Farah Mohamed galal 22-3014 t09 Introduction: E + S → ES → E + P Enzymes are proteins which act as a catalyst in biochemical reactions(affect the rate of achemical reaction). The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Any deformation of the active site will affect the activity of the enzyme‚ these are some ways that enzyme action may be affected because of them: 1- Salt concentration: If it is close to zero or very high
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THIS FILE DOWNLOADED FROM THE IB NOTES SITE: http://ibnotes.tripod.com/ TOPIC 2— MECHANICS FOUNDATIONS: • • • Displacement— A measured distance in a given direction— tells us not only the distance of an object from a particular reference point‚ but also the direction from the reference point— is a vector. Velocity— Is speed in a given direction‚ and is also a vector. Acceleration— is the rate of change of velocity in a given direction (velocity/time). The unit in SI is metres per second
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