Dipole-dipole forces exist between neutral polar molecules but heptane is non polar. Heptane does not contain hydrogen bonding as no H atoms bond with F‚ O‚ or N. On the other hand greatly increased boiling point of 1-hexanol is because 1-hexanol contains hydroxyl group where there is hydrogen bond occurring. It also has dipole-dipole force as the oxygen on the end makes a polar part of the molecule allowing interactions between them. There are also dispersion forces. The greater the polarity the higher the
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Mechanism (Unit 16) - Electrophilic addition Reaction Mechanism (Unit 17) - Electrophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 18) - Electrophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 19) - Electrophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 20) - Radical reactions Amino acids Oxidation and Reduction Uses of compounds with different functional groups Structure determination (Unit 1) Structure determination (Unit 2) Structure determination (Unit 3) Structure determination (Unit 4) Organic synthesis
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Chapter 6 Microbial Growth 1 Growth • increase in cellular constituents that may result in: – increase in cell number • e.g.‚ when microorganisms reproduce by budding or binary fission – increase in cell size • e.g.‚ coenocytic microorganisms have nuclear divisions that are not accompanied by cell divisions • microbiologists usually study population growth rather than growth of individual cells 2 The Growth Curve • observed when microorganisms are cultivated in batch
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PurposeIn this experiment‚ sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in acetic acid mixture was used to oxidize emdo-borneol (an alcohol) to camphor (a ketone). The product would then be purified by sublimation and then be analyzed by Infrared spectroscopy and melting point test. Procedure and ObservationsPlease refer to the lab manual and the carbon copy attached. Data and CalculationsWeight of endo-borneol = 0.2013gNo of moles of endo-borneol = 0.2013g/154.25g mol-1 = 1. 305mmolSince one mole of endo-borneol
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the cellular membrane while Propanetriol took the longest amount of time‚ leaving Propanediol in the middle of the two. These results occurred as Propanol contained the least amount of hydroxyl groups and was the smallest and least polar. Propanetriol was the most polar of the three substances‚ containing three hydroxyl groups causing the diffusion to be the slowest. These results occurred because as the molecule in a substance becomes larger and more polar‚ the longer it takes for that molecule to
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------------------------------------------------- Definition Esters are chemical compounds consisting of a carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage. They are derived by reacting an oxo acid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group‚ and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is‚ esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. Esters
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present in all amino acids? a) a methyl group b) a carboxyl group c) an aldehyde group d) a hydroxyl group e) a carbonyl group 7. The following structural formula is representative of which functional group? a) sulfhydryl b) carboxyl c) hydroxyl d) amino e) carbonyl 8. The following structural formula is representative of which functional group? a) Sulfhydryl b) carbonyl c) hydroxyl d) amino e) carboxyl 9. In terms of maintaining the shape of an enzyme‚ the strongest bonds
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acid characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH‚ where R is some monovalent functional group. A carboxyl group (or carboxy) is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl (RR’C=O) and a hydroxyl (R-O-H)‚ which has the formula -C(=O)OH‚ usually written as -COOH or -CO2H. Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids because they are proton (H+) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid. Among the simplest examples are formic acid H-COOH
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Disaccharides include Sucrose‚ Maltose‚ and Lactose etc. * Polysaccharides include Starch‚ Glycogen‚ Cellulose and Chitin. * Aldehydes (–CHO) and ketones (= CO) are active groups or functional groups in carbohydrates. Carbohydrates contain many hydroxyl groups as well * Monosaccharidecontain the free aldehyde or
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hydrogen peroxide in growth media can happen because lactobacilli do not have catalase enzyme responsible for degradation of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide and other toxic oxygenic metabolites such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical can react with other components eventually lead to microbial cell death [Shah‚ 2000]. According to Ng et al.[2011]‚ yogurt prepared with L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus alone generated seven- to nine-fold higher quantities of H2O2 than those prepared
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