Response: “After sealing the bottle with a butyl rubber stopper and an aluminum crimp‚ the bottle was purged with pure nitrogen (for 10 min) to obtain anaerobic conditions.” This explanation is added to the revised manuscript. (Page 8‚ line 13-15) Comment 14: Page 8: Explain if pH was controlled during fermentation. In any case‚ do a reference in the result section to the pH at the end of fermentation Response: The pH was not directly controlled during the fermentation. In the line with typical
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Also‚ to understand that the rate of the reaction can be saturated and it depends on the concentration of the substrate (when [S] [E]). Specifically‚ we studied the kinetics of the enzyme lactase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose sugar into glucose and galactose as shown in the following reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O12 + C6H12O12 Lactose is the disaccharide found in milk‚ and it requires lactase enzyme
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Rhoda James 10/22/2012 Common Substances in Living Systems Water is the most abundant substance in living cells; approximately 60% to 80%. Water molecules are polar‚ it determines why ionic bonded molecules dissociate in water. Hydrolysis is when water breaks down larger molecules of food during digestion. Water is considered to be a universal solvent. Water is also important for the transport of materials like hormones and enzymes within the blood plasma. Water helps to stabilize body temperature
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B‚ D‚ D‚ B‚ B‚ C‚ C‚ B‚ C‚ C‚ C‚ C‚ C‚ A‚ D‚ B‚ C‚ A‚ D Amylase -drawing- Hydrolysis i) Digestion ii) Absorption 1. Reduces cholesterol level in the blood 2. Does not cause coronary heart disease It cannot be digested E i) 2 hours ii) stomach It has an acid resistant coat‚ hence the acid in the stomach will not be able to dissolve its coat and the drug will not be released. It also has a permeable coat which tends to stick to the mucus‚ hence it will move down the alimentary
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natural and synthesized forms. Esters are present in a variety of common compounds‚ from fragrances to animal fat (McMurry‚ 2008). Although these esters can undergo many different important reactions‚ this lab is particularly interested in the hydrolysis of esters into carboxylic acids and alcohols. Companies such as Dove‚ Palmolive‚ Dial‚ and many others owe their success to this specific reaction because the carboxylic acid produced in this reaction is soap. As such‚ this process is also commonly
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it is the addition of the GGGTTA sequence by telomerase. In transcription‚ it is the addition of the poly-A tail. Both processes used nucleotides as the language on which the daughter strands come from. Replication and transcription involve the hydrolysis of a phosphodiesterase bonds to begin their process. Both processes take place in the nucleus. Differences between PCR and Bacterial DNA replication Feature in Bacteria Feature in PCR Place for DNA polymerase to attach to DNA strand RNA primers
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Abstract This experiment was carried out to perform staining methods on microbes‚ explain the mechanisms of staining‚ namely‚ simple staining‚ and learn how to use the microscope. The experiment setting was kept as sterile as possible when conducting the experiment. The microbes under the microscope were drawn out and labelled. In conclusion‚ different staining techniques are used to determine the presence of certain exterior structures of the bacteria like the cell envelope or just to identify
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The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth Why do we start the discussion of biology with a discussion of geology? Here are some reasons why one would do this: * All life on earth is linked to geology; likewise‚ many surface geologic features and processes have been influenced by life on earth. The origin and early evolution of the earth are especially important when looking at the origin and early evolution of life on earth. * Life chemistry had its origin with the elements available to
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brewing industries. Glucose oxides are obtained from A. Niger and Penicillium. It is a highly specific enzyme‚ which catalyzes the formation of gluconic acid from β - D- glucose in two separate steps‚ the second step being nonenzymatic spontaneous hydrolysis. Glucose oxidase is used for the removal of glucose or oxygen from the food stuffs in order to enhance their storability. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) effectively kills bacteria; it can be eliminated by using catalase. An important application of
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and growth. One particularly significant enzyme is amylase‚ which catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha glycosidic linkages of amylose‚ starch components‚ and other oligosaccharides (Qian‚ et al.‚ 1994). Porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase can be found in pancreatic secretions‚ and works most efficiently at pH 6.9 for the majority of substrates. This ideal pH‚ however‚ has shown to shift to as low as 5.2 for the hydrolysis of some
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