various soil water ratios and with or without calcium chloride. Method and Materials Samples of sedentary soil‚ 3:2 soil‚ sand‚ organic matter and compost‚ 100ml vials(x12)‚ bottle of distilled water‚ analytical balance‚ pH meter‚ 2 buffer solution of known pH‚ 0.25M calcium chloride solution. Results Table 1- Average pH measurement for the given soil/water ratio in both without 0.01M calcium chloride and with 0.01M calcium chloride for different soil types. Note: The groups having
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DEFINITIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION (REDOX) This page looks at the various definitions of oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of the transfer of oxygen‚ hydrogen and electrons. It also explains the terms oxidising agent and reducing agent. Oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen transfer Definitions • Oxidation is gain of oxygen. • Reduction is loss of oxygen. For example‚ in the extraction of iron from its ore: [pic] Because both reduction and oxidation are going on side-by-side
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substances is called chemical equation. Example: In this equation‚ A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the products. Arrow shows the direction of chemical reaction. Condition‚ if any‚ is written generally above the arrow. When hydrogen reacts with oxygen‚ it gives water. This reaction can be represented by following chemical equation. In first equation words are used and in second symbols of substances are used to write the chemical equation. For convenience‚ symbol of substance
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seconds top dissolved 2) Benzophenone is a nonpolar molecule and is soluble in nonpolar solvents‚ such as hexane. It does not have potential for hydrogen bonding‚ which is why it is insoluble
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page 3 Analysis The two terms that describe possible energy change in a chemical reaction are Exothermic‚ for example when a gas is formed when Copper II Chloride and Aluminum are mixed‚ and Endothermic‚ for example when copper II Hydroxide is heated. There are many substances used in this experiment‚ the elements are Hydrogen Gas‚ Aluminum‚ and solid Copper‚ the compounds are Copper II Nitrate‚ Sodium Hydroxide‚ Copper II Hydroxide‚ Copper II Oxide‚ Hydrochloric Acid‚ Sodium Nitrate‚
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Bromide 9 KMnO4 Potassium Manganate (VII) 10 Cu(OH)2 Copper (II) Hydroxide 11 FeSO4 Iron (II) Sulfate 12 NH4Cl Ammonium Chloride 13 ZnCO3 Zinc Carbonate 14 SnF2 Tin (II)Fluoride 15 MgSO4 Magnesium Sulfate 16 MnO2 Manganese (IV) Oxide 17 Ca3(PO4)2 Tricalcium Phosphate 18 NaOH Sodium Hydroxide 19 HCl Hydrogen Cloride 20 Ba(HSO3)2 Barium Bisulfite 21 HNO3 Hydrogen Nitrate 22 FeSO3 Iron (II) Sulfite 23 Al2S3 Aluminum Sulfide 24 KNO3 Potassium Nitrate Part B Write the formulas
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the earth’s crust as well as in sea water. Though chlorine does not exist naturally as a gas‚ chlorine is obtained through a chemical reaction involving a sodium chloride and water mixture known as brine. When an electrical current is passed through the brine it reacts and breaks up the solution into chlorine‚ caustic soda and hydrogen gas. The reaction looks like this: 2NaCl + 2H2 ----- Cl2 + 2NaOH + H2. Not only is the chlorine exceptionally useful‚ but the caustic soda that is a co-product of
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time of which this happens is then recorded and monitored using a stopwatch. The symbol equation of this reaction is as follows: The above symbol equation shows the reaction: Sodium thisoulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride‚ water‚ precipitate of sulphur as well as sulphur dioxide. The results that I recorded from this experiment were poor. This is because they were not
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Surname Centre No. Initial(s) Paper Reference 4 3 3 5 Candidate No. 2 H Signature Paper Reference(s) 4335/2H Examiner’s use only London Examinations IGCSE Team Leader’s use only Chemistry Paper 2H Higher Tier Tuesday 6 November 2007 – Morning Time: 2 hours Question Leave Number Blank 1 2 3 4 5 Materials required for examination Nil Items included with question papers Nil 6 7 8 9 Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above‚ write your centre number‚ candidate number‚ your surname
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Symbol H+ Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+ Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Ra2+ Zn2+ Symbol Cu+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Cr2+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Mn3+ Symbols and Charges for Monoatomic Ions Name Symbol Name hydrogen ion H¯ hydride lithium ion F¯ fluoride Note that the sodium ion Cl¯ chloride letters in an ion’s potassium ion Br¯ bromide name before the rubidium ion I¯ iodide -ide ending is 2¯ cesium ion O oxide the stem. For 2¯ beryllium ion S sulfide example‚ the stem magnesium
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