CHAPTER 5: INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY QUICKNOTES IN GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL TRADE Condensed by: Group 2 7 THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE: 1. Mercantilism 2. Absolute Advantage 3. Comparative Advantage 4. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 5. Product Life-Cycle Theory 6. New Trade Theory 7. The Theory of National Competitive Advantage 1. Mercantilism -emerged in England in the mid-16th century. The main tenet of mercantilism was that it was in a country’s best interests
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International Trade Theories Mercantilism Mercantilism was a sixteenth-century economic philosophy that maintained that a country’s wealth was measured by its holdings of gold and silver (Mahoney‚ Trigg‚ Griffin‚ & Pustay‚ 1998). This recquired the countries to maximise the difference between its exports and imports by promoting exports and discouraging imports. The logic was transparent to sixteenth-century policy makers-if foreigners buy more goods from you than you buy from them‚ then the foreigners
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INTRODUCTION Uncountable number of trades takes place all over the world every minute no matter in developed countries or the developing ones. The theoretical foundation of international trade is from classic economic theory that dates from the nineteenth century - the Ricardian Model. The model shows that a country’s production and trade pattern is determined by comparative advantage‚ which is based on the differences in the productivity of labour. In reality‚ there are more factors that require
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Ricardian Trade Model One factor economy * 2 countries (home‚ foreign) * 2 goods (cheese‚ wine) We will focus on HOME 1st. One factor – LABOUR (homogeneous) Lc: Labor used in Cheese production Lw: Labor used in Wine production Exogenous total endowment of labor : L Resource Constraint: Lc + Lw = L (1) Production Functions: Qc = Lc / aLc Qw= Lw / aLw (2) aLc = amount of labor needed to produce one unit of cheese aLw = amount of labor needed to produce one unit
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HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEORY In the early 1900s an international trade theory called factor proportions theory emerged by two Swedish economists‚ Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. This theory is also called the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory stresses that countries should produce and export goods that require resources (factors) that are abundant and import goods that require resources in short supply. This theory differs from the theories of comparative advantage and absolute advantage
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Patterns and Trends in International Trade –Imports are the goods and services that we buy from people in other countries. –Exports are the goods and services we sell to people in other countries. Patterns and Trends in International Trade •Trade in Goods –Manufactured goods represent 50 percent of our goods exports and 70 percent of our goods imports. –Raw materials and semi-manufactured materials represent 40 percent of our exports and 15 percent of imports. –Our largest export and import items
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Careful analysis of Singapore’s external trade operations is presented. The Economy of Singapore is a highly developed and successful capitalist mixed economy. Unlike it’s close Asian neighbors Singapore is perceived as developed country and has one of the highest standards of living in the world. According to country profile presented on International Monetary Fund‚ the countries economy success is highly due to it’s proper policy toward external trade. Thus‚ this country has been perceived as
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Introduction International trade theory provides explanations of the benefit for country to engage in international trade‚ even for products it can produce for itself. As time goes by‚ there are mainly 7 types of theory‚ namely‚ mercantilism‚ absolute advantage‚ comparative advantage‚ Heckscher-ohlin theory‚ product life-cycle theory‚ new trade theory‚ Porter’s diamond national competitive advantage theory. Although some of the theories hold different view of patterns of international trade and vary
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International Trade Theories Chapter – “4” International Trade “…free trade ultimately benefits all countries that participates in a free trade system. Those who take this position concede that some individuals lose as a result of a shift to free trade. But in the aggregate they argue that the gains outweigh the losses.” (Charles W. L. Hill 2005‚ p. 144) Trade Theories 1. Mercantilism (Thomas Mun 1630) Countries should Encourage Exports & Discourage Imports. 2.
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The Heckscher-Ohlin Model (Factor Proportions Model) The Factor Proportions Model Main point: Comparative advantage is determined by – Factor endowments of countries‚ together with – Factor intensities of industries Two differences drive trade in H-O Model 1. Countries differ in endowments of factors 2. Industries differ in factor intensities Two differences drive trade in H-O Model 1. Countries differ in endowments of factors – Labor – Capital – Land – Skill (Human
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