addition reaction is: C=C + X2 → X-C-C-X (see Figure 2). It is not regioselective because both of the bonds formed (C-X) are identical but it is stereoselective. The C-X bonds form in two separate steps resulting in anti-addition. The reagent for halogenation by addition is usually bromine (liquid) or sometimes chlorine (gas). Fluorine is too reactive due to its high electronegativity and small radius. Iodine would react by reversible addition‚ as the low reactivity is due to its lower electronegativity
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Vegetative reproduction (vegetative propagation‚ vegetative multiplication‚ vegetative cloning) is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is a process by which new individuals arise without production of seeds or spores. It can occur naturally or be induced by horticulturists. Although most plants normally reproduce sexually‚ many have the ability for vegetative propagation‚ or can be vegetatively propagated if small pieces are subjected to chemical (hormonal) treatments. This is because meristematic
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natural gas. At STP‚ or standard temperature and pressure‚ methane is a colourless and odorless gas (Clean Air Strategic Alliance‚ n.d.). The main reactions associated with methane are combustion and halogenation‚ such as CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O (combustion) and CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl (halogenation). Methane was first discovered in 1776 by Alessandro Volta (1745-1827). He began to use a stick to poke the bottom of water that was filled with mud‚ and noticed many gas bubbles float
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE INFORMATION Confidential Code Course Level Credit Hours Contact Hours : : : : : CHM 556 Organic Chemistry II Degree 4 3 hr (Lecture) 3 hr (Practical) 3 Core CHM 456 Part Course Status Pre-requisite : : : Course Outcomes : Upon completion of this course‚ students should be able to: 1. Determine functional groups present in organic compounds using Infrared Spectroscopy and interpret Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra and relate the information to structural
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Alkane‚ Alkene‚ Alkyne & Aromatic Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Determine the IUPAC name‚ common name and structure of an alkanes‚ alkenes and cycloalkanes. Identify the physical properties of alkanes. Describe briefly natural sources and importance of alkanes Describe reactions of alkanes Propose a mechanism on free radicals substitution 4. 5. 6. Describe the preparation and reactions of alkenes. 7. Propose mechanism on preparation; dehydration of alcohol 8. Define carbocation
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Organic Chemistry Basic Ideas: Carbon chains: Straight chains and branched chains‚ Numbering of chains and branches. Carbon Rings: Cyclic Molecules‚ Aromatic Compounds Types of Organic reactions: Combustion Addition Substitution Condensation Oxidation What is organic chemistry? Carbon compounds. Methane CH4 Hexane C6 H14 Ethane C2H 6 Heptane C7 H16 Propane C3H 8 Octane C8 H18 Butane C4H10 Nonane C9H20 Pentane C 5 H12 Decane C1 0 H22 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
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Substitution-Alkanes+halogen(Cl2‚Br2)-exposed to sunlight/UV-hydrogen replace by halogen * Cracking-Long chain alkane flow over catalyst(silica‚SiO2‚alumina‚ Al2O3-temperature: 500oC | * CombustionComplete- CO2 + H2OIncomplete- C+H2O‚ CO+H2O * Addition-halogenation‚ hydration‚ hydrogenation‚hydrohalogenation‚ oxidation * PolymerisationCombine monomers to form polymers. | | |
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REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS Diane Cate Satsatin Biology Student‚ Biology Department College of Science‚ De La Salle University-Dasmarinas ABSTRACT Five substances which are Hexane‚ Eugenol‚ Unknown hydrocarbon 1‚ Unknown hydrocarbon 2‚ and Acetylene gas was used for the selective reactivity of hydrocarbons to functional group tests; Bayer’s test‚ Bromine test light‚ Bromine test dark‚ and Tollen’s test. In Bayer’s test‚ only Acetylene‚ Eugenol and Unknown hydrocarbon 2 reacted positively
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Arenes The aromatic hydrocarbons also have the name arenes. They contain in their molecule one or more cycles made up from 6 carbon atoms. When the molecule is formed out of a single cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are mono nucleuses; when the molecule contains more than one cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are poly nucleuses. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon‚ benzene‚ is compound out of just one such cycle; its formula is C6H6. The representation of benzene through a cycle of 6 carbon atoms with 3 double bounds
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The reaction through which 4-mrthaoxyacetophenone is converted to 4-methoxybenzoic acid is a haloform reaction. This reaction involves two distinct stages that occur in the same environment. The first stage occurs through the based-catalyzed halogenation of the ketone that forms a trihalo ketone. First‚ the bleach is transformed into chlorine and hydroxide ions through the following reaction: Then‚ the hydroxyl is able to attack the rather acidic (pKa ~ 20) α-hydrogen of the ketone. This acidity
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