slightly higher than the H-O-H bond angle in water because of the stronger electron repulsion between the bulky alkyl groups. Preparation of Ethers: 1. Preparation of symmetrical ethers from alcohols H2SO4 R O R + H2O 2ROH 2. Williamson Ether Synthesis R O Na - - + + + R’X R O R’ + NaX Ar O Na + RX Ar O R + NaX Involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halide ion is displaced by the alkoxide or phenoxide ion. Gives best results when 1o alkyl halides are
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Acid Base Titration bre’ana March 1‚ 2013 Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of a solution of NaOH by titration with a standard solution of HCl. It was also the purpose to determine the concentration of a sample of white vinegar by titration with a standard solution of NaOH. Introduction: Using the method of titration is how the experiment gets to the conclusion of the concentration of a solution. When doing this experiment‚ measurement is very important
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of this experiment are to determine if the products derived from amide synthesis and Williamson Ether Synthesis are identical‚ and if one of the synthetic routes is more advantageous than the other. In Part 1‚ an attempt to synthesize acteophenetidin crystals by amide synthesis was made. We began by removing the colored impurities from the p-Phenetidine (reddish-brown) by placing 2g of the sample in 38 mL of hydrochloric acid and heating the solution to boiling point. Upon reaching just below boiling
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. Yes‚ comparably to TLC plate 2 and 3. The benzophenone is more neutral but as the same time its nonpolar‚ being that Silica gel in TLC 2 was polar and the solvent ethyl acetate-hexane is non-polar it moved relatively with the solvent. The stationary phase in TLC 3‚ alumina is non polar and the solvent ethyl acetate is polar so from the ideal that polar does not attract non-polar benzophenone stick stronger to alumina non-polar rather than moving up with polar solvent ethyl acetate as it did in
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NUCLEIC ACIDS I.BASIC CONCEPTS II.CLASSES III.CHEMICAL NATURE IV.FUNCTION I.BASIC CONCEPTS NUCLEIC ACIDS polymeric macromolecules‚ or large biological molecules‚ essential for all known forms of life are made from monomers known as nucleotides Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar‚ a phosphate group‚ and a nitrogenous base If the sugar is deoxyribose‚ the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose‚ the polymer is RNA. Together with proteins‚ nucleic acids are the most
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II. Synthesis This activity helps me to understand myself better by knowing what people think of me. It aims to foster self-awareness and self-improvement. I found out that my family thinks that I am a responsible person in terms of sense of responsibility. But my brother thinks I’m immature. In terms of duties at home‚ my mother and father understand that I don’t perform my duties because I’m busy with my studies. My sister thinks it too but she justified that I perform when I’m not busy. When
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the Twenty-first Century” took a different approach by targeting not everyone but only few saying‚ “…not merely the heights to which some will climb or the difficulties others will endure.” When combining these two statements you can see how they synthesis; In other words‚ the lower class of America will either suffer from being under skilled or replaced by technology‚ while the successful class of America will become known as “The Untouchables”‚ meaning they will be so specialized that they will not
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A carboxylic acid is an organic acid characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH‚ where R is some monovalent functional group. A carboxyl group (or carboxy) is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl (RR’C=O) and a hydroxyl (R-O-H)‚ which has the formula -C(=O)OH‚ usually written as -COOH or -CO2H. Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids because they are proton (H+) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid. Among
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Synthesis The idea of gender wage discrimination being widely practiced in the United States today is a difficult concept for many to swallow. With the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964‚ the realization of the existence of the gender wage gap surprises many Americans. These authors bring to the forefront the idea that there is more to the gender wage gap then just companies discriminating against women and minorities. They sight many sources with defined data
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Formic acid is known to be the simplest carboxylic acid‚ and it is an important factor in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally. The chemical formula for Formic Acid is CH202‚ and is mostly found in the venom of bee and ant stings. Formic acid is clear and colorless with a pungent odor. Formic acid is used in many ways; Formic acid is used to preserve livestock. It is also sprayed on animal food and fresh hay to reduce the decay rate. It can also be used as a pesticide to protect bee
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