Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols C O O H H sp3 alcohol pKa~ 16-18 phenol (aromatic alcohol) pKa~ 10 Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a saturated carbon (sp3) Phenols contain an OH group connected to a carbon of a benzene ring O H C C H C C O chemistry dominated by the keto form 76 enol keto H O H R O H R O R R O O R’ water alcohol R S H ether R S R peroxide R S S R’ thiols thioether disulfides
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*substitution (of a carboxylic/acid derivative) = addition + elimination - substitution at the tetrahedral intermediate from the addition of an organometallic to an aldehyde/ketone will not (usually) work as R- (i.e. H- or CH3-) is a bad leaving group - addition of a Grignard reagent to an aldehyde/ketone = stable tetrahedral intermediate (alkoxide) - addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl group in the presence of a base = unstable intermediate (hemiacetal/hydrate) - nucleophiles with good
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shown below. 19) Provide the structure of the major organic product in the reaction shown below. 20) A novice chemist wished to prepare 1-methylcyclohexane-1‚4-diol from the keto alcohol shown below by treating it with the appropriate Grignard reagent. Was the chemist successful? Explain. 21) Provide the
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Esters b. Amines c. Aromatic compounds including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Identify structures that are products of the following reactions: a. Grignard reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions d. Reduction of aldehydes and reagents used for that reaction. e. Fischer esterification including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. f. Reaction of acid chlorides
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* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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Exp.11) Identification of unknown ketones. Introduction: Given five samples of a known ketone derivative‚ the purpose of this experiment is to identify which unknown ketone derivative corresponds to the five known samples. In other words‚ using specific methods of compound detection‚ it is possible to match an unknown compound with a known compound because similar compounds will display similar characteristics. In this experiment‚ identification of the unknown ketone is accomplished through thin
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covalent compound therefore‚ nitrogen donates electron pair forming isocyanide as the main product. 3. Grignard Reagent is prepared under anhydrous conditions. Ans. In Grignard Reagent‚ the carbon-magnesium covalent bond is highly polar with carbon atom of alkyl or aryl group withdrawing electrons from electropositive magnesium and magnesium halogen bond is also ionic – R – Mg – X . So Grignard reagent is highly reactive‚ and react with any source of proton to give hydrocarbons. 176 Twinklegraphics*chemistry-XII
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY GUIDELINES FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NON-MAJORS CHEM 181 By Dr. Haythem Ali Saadeh Fall‚ 2012 Course Title: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY for Non-Majors Course Number: CHEM 181 Prerequisite: General Chemistry Credit Hours: 2 Cr. Hrs. (comprises of 2 hrs. lecture per week) Course Instructor: Dr. Haythem Ali Saadeh h.saadeh@uaeu.ac.ae Textbook: “Organic Chemistry: A Short Course” By
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Classification Tests for Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives Mary Catherine Sarte‚ John Emmanuel Sy‚ Allurie Umel‚Franklin Yap‚ Mary Christine YouIntroduction Carboxylic acids derivatives are simply groupsof compounds that contain a carbonyl group butwith an electronegative atom attached to thecarbon. The difference in the structure leads to amajor change in reactivity. The reactions of thesegroups of compounds involve nucleophilicsubstitution. Although there are abundant kindsof carboxylic acid derivatives
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