are carboxylic acid derivatives in which the acyl carbon bears an ether group instead of the hydroxy group. Esters are synthesized by different methods such as an Sn2 process where a carboxylic acid is treated with a strong base followed by an alkyl halide. Fischer Esterification is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that converts a carboxylic acid into an ester when the carboxyl group of an acid and the hydroxyl group of an alcohol are condensed with the expulsion of a water molecule. The
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That is‚ the entering group does not for the most part have the same position on the ring as that purged by the halogen substituent. Case in point‚ the hydrolysis of 4-chloromethylbenzene at 340° gives an equimolar mix of 3-and 4-methylbenzenols: Significantly all the more
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Bromination Solo Experiment 3 – Individual Lab Report (Save as pdf and submit‚ due by 12:00 NOON one week after experiment) Last Name: First Name: TA Name: Date Lab Performed: Date Lab Submitted: Group A‚ B‚ or C: Comments for Grading TA: (Please indicate if you performed the lab on a day other than your regularly scheduled day and/or with a TA other than your regular TA). Page Limit: report must not exceed FIVE pages (including this page) LIMIT DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY GRAPHS‚ SPECTRA
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interactions instead of steric factors. Despite isatin’s lack of steric requirements around its carbonyl functionality‚ its hydrazone derivatives exist only as Z-isomers because of the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between de (–NH–) group of the acyclic chain and the oxygen of the isatin’s (–NHCO–)
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followed by the attack of the alpha carbon anion on the carbonyl carbon on the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. Next‚ is the protonation of the oxygen from the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde‚ which is then followed by an elimination reaction where this acts as a leaving group. The product is the trans-alkene present in the product. Figure 2: Mechanism
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alkenes and alkynes have π bonds‚ which are much weaker than bonds‚ they are far more chemically reactive than alkanes Bond Angles in Alkenes and Alkynes According to VSEPR theory: Three groups in a double bond are bonded at 120° angles. Alkenes are flat: atoms in a C=C lie in the same plane. The groups attached to a triple bond are at 180° angles. 6 Naming Alkenes The names of alkenes Use the corresponding alkane name. Change the ending to ene. Alkene IUPAC Common H2C=CH2 ethene
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2-(2‚4-Dinitrobenzyl) pyridine Peter Defnet and Cody Krepps Department of Chemstry Juniata College Huntingdon‚ PA September 18‚ 2012 Abstract: Nitration of 2-benzylpyridine is supposed to yield 2-(2‚4-Dinitrobenzyl) pyridine‚ when electrophilic aromatic substitution is the mechanism. Experiencing many pitfalls‚ however‚ has lead to the actual product obtained to contain the expected product‚ as well as many impurities. This report examines the supposed mechanism for the electrophilic substitution
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responsible for the reactivity of the benzene. Aniline and acetanilide contain amine groups‚ which are electron-donating. Chlorobenzene contains chlorine‚ which is electron-withdrawing. Phenol contains a hydroxyl group. Oxygen‚ being electronegative‚ was suspected to be electron-withdrawing and hence it took longer time for the bromine to react with benzene. Nitrophenol contains two substituents‚ one of which is a nitro group which is electron-withdrawing. 2.) Sources of error if actual and theoretical
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reactions d. Reduction of aldehydes and reagents used for that reaction. e. Fischer esterification including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. f. Reaction of acid chlorides to produce alcohols. g. Reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines to produce amides including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. 3. Identify the order of acidity in substituted benzoic acids. 4. Identify the order of reactivity of derivatives of carboxylic acids. 5. Describe both
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alpha Carbon of the aldehyde or ketone and carbonyl carbon of another ketone or aldehyde. Aldol condensation is different from aldol condensation reaction. For aldol addition reaction‚ the alpha carbon of one aldehyde or ketone adds to the carbonyl group of the other ketone or aldehyde. This process creates a beta-hydroxy carbonyl‚ which is called aldol. For the aldol condensation reaction‚ the beta-hydroxy carbonyl that the alpha-hydrogen then goes on dehydration to form alpha-beta-unsaturated carbonyl
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