Figure 1.1 illustrates discrete data transmission‚ which is the transmission of one message from a finite set of messages through a communication channel. A message sender at the transmitter communicates with a message receiver. The sender selects one message from the finite set‚ and the transmitter sends a corresponding signal (or “waveform”) that represents this message through the communication channel. The receiver decides the message sent by observing the channel output. Successive transmission
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Analog Communication Theory: A Text for EE501 Michael P. Fitz The Ohio State University fitz.7@osu.edu Fall 2001 2 Note to Students. This text is an evolving entity. Please help make an OSU education more valuable by providing me feedback on this work. Small things like catching typos or big things like highlighting sections that are not clear are both important. My goal in teaching communications (and in authoring this text) is to provide students with 1. the required theory‚ 2. an insight
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1 A Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is a circuit that provides a varying output signal (typically of square-wave or triangular-wave form) whose frequency can be adjusted over a range controlled by a dc voltage. An example of a VCO is the 566 IC unit‚ which contains circuitry to generate both squarewave and triangular-wave signals whose frequency is set by an external resistor and capacitor and then varied by an applied dc voltage. Figure (1) shows that the 566 contains current sources to charge
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Analog to Digital When the conversion takes place between analog and digital it becomes the base of all communication technologies. Just about all hardware uses digital so it is very important to convert analog signals into digital to perform support for hardware applications. All hardware devices are aimed to be digital. Therefore‚ devices in the future will not need conversion because they will already be digital. There are many examples of analog to digital like a scan picture. The analog
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to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path. 2. What is a frequency-shift-keying system? Describe two methods of generating FSK. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. 6. Explain a method used to generate BPSK using Figure 10-5 as a basis. Need for modulation 1) to reduce the antenna height 2) to multiplex the more number of signals 3) to reduce the noise
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Amplitude modulation or AM as it is often called‚ is a form of modulation used for radio transmissions for broadcasting and two way radio communication applications. Although one of the earliest used forms of modulation it is still in widespread use today. The first amplitude modulated signal was transmitted in 1901 by a Canadian engineer named Reginald Fessenden. He took a continuous spark transmission and placed a carbon microphone in the antenna lead. The sound waves impacting on the microphone
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electrical oscillations. Amplifiers are used throughout the receiver to boost signal power at radio‚ baseband and intermediate frequencies. The core of the FM receiver‚ the discriminator‚ comes in various circuit forms and is used in detection and demodulation. Basically‚ its role is to extract the intelligence or message from the carrier wave. Another component‚ essential in most electronic circuits‚ is the power supply (DC or AC converted to DC). Finally‚ a transducer (speaker in the case of Radio)
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limited radio frequency bandwidth in define area. This requirement can be achieved if system design engineers overcome the problem of bandwidth efficiency by increasing the data transmission rate and capacity to use multi-level modulation and demodulation‚ instead of increasing the radio frequency bandwidth. Higher data rate can be achieved from 100Mbps to 1Gbps. Low transfer delay time to 50ms or even lower then 500ms ensure the throughput for communication between the terminals. 4G have high
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Transducers‚ Sensors & Displays Systems (TIC-502) Unit 1. Topic GENERALISED CONFIGURATIONS‚ FUNCTIONAL DISCRIPTION & PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS: Functional elements of an instrument; active & passive transducers; analog & digital modes of operation ; null & deflection methods; I/O configuration of measuring instruments & instrument system – methods of correction for interfering & modifying inputs. Static characteristics; Meaning of static calibration‚ accuracy‚ precision
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selective channel. First a brief introduction is provided by explaining the background and the specification of the project. Then the report deals with the system model. Each block of the OFDM system is described (IFFT/FFT‚ cyclic prefix‚ modulation/demodulation‚ channel estimation‚ bit loading). In the following section‚ the system architecture is analysed. The transmission protocol‚ as well as the system parameters is explained in details. Then‚ the DSP implementation is discussed. Finally‚ the results
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