4.4 Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) has twice the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK since two bits are transmitted in a single modulation symbol. In the phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced values‚ such as 0‚ π/2‚π and 3π/2‚ where each value of phase corresponds to a unique pair of message bits. The Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal for this set of symbol states may be defined as s_QPSK (t) =√(〖2E〗_s/T_s ) cos[〖2πf〗_c t +(i-1)π/2]
Premium Standard deviation Arithmetic mean Median
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK) Frequency shift keying is a frequency modulation in which the digital information is transmitted by discrete changes in frequency of the carrier signal. This technology is used for the communication system such as caller ID and emergency broadcasts [19]. The binary FSK is the simplest FSK. BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary information. The 1 and 0 is mentioned as mark frequency and space frequency. The other forms of FSK are Continuous-phase frequency-shift
Premium Digital signal processing Radio Signal processing
__________ The analyzer is set to analog demodulation mode‚ with amplitude demodulation selected. Traces are configured to show the pre-demodulation spectrum and time domain on the left‚ and the demodulation results in frequency and time domain on the right. The time length‚ number of analysis points‚ and resolution bandwidth have been changed from the default to make it easier to recognize the sinewave in the modulation. Note that the pre-demodulation time domain display is not baseband time (as
Premium Signal processing Wavelength Phase
Data transmission methods Transmission Transmission is the act of transporting information from one location to another via a signal. The signal may be analog or digital‚ and may travel in different media. Transmission: Communication of data by propagation and processing of signals. Signal processing is the representation‚ transformation and manipulation of signals plus the information they contain. Signal Types Signals: An electric or electromagnetic representations of data by which data is
Premium Modulation Data transmission
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This Chapter presents the Relevant Theories‚ Related Literature and Studies‚ Conceptual Framework‚ Hypothesis and the Definition of Terms used in the study. Relevant Theories There are two theories which are considered relevant in this study‚ namely: Goal Setting Theory of Motiviation by Dr. Edwin Locke (1990)‚ and Cognitive Learning Theory. Goal Setting Theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific
Premium Modulation Electrical engineering Electronic engineering
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi CHAPTER 1 # 1) INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS DEFINITIONS Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information from one place to another. TERMS Electronic Communication System 2) The transmission‚ reception‚ and processing of information between two or more locations using electronic circuits. Electronic Communication Electronic Communications Time Line 1830: 1837: 1843: 1861: 1864:
Premium Radio
bjhl’;fpath;fSk; ♦ a’; ‚e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p ♦ epa{ ‚e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l; ♦ ‚e;jpah - ghujpahh; ♦ nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf’;fhju jpyfh; ♦ ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU ♦ ‚z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU ♦ bg’;fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p ♦ jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah; ♦ my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yfyhk; M!hj; ; ♦ etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f. nghuhl; r\ Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\f/ njhw;Wtpj;j ‚af;f’;fSk; mtw;iw
Premium
3EC1 MATHEMATICS-III UNIT 1: LAPLACE TRANSFORM - Laplace transform with its simple properties‚ applications to the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations having constant co-efficients with special reference to the wave and diffusion equations. UNIT 2: FOURIER SERIES & Z TRANSFORM – Expansion of simple functions in fourier series. Half range series‚ Change of intervals‚ Harmonic analysis. Z TRANSFORM - Introduction‚ Properties‚ Inverse Z Transform. UNIT 3: FOURIER TRANSFORM - Complex
Premium Electronic engineering Transistor Random variable
of the same frequency and then using the low pass filter to filter out the remaining frequencies to get the frequency required. In terms of the frequency domain‚ the following figure shows the effect of DSB-SC modulation The effect of the demodulation process in frequency domain: b) AsAccos2πfstcos2πfct=AsAc2(cosfs+fc2πt+cos(fs-fc2πt)) xt=AsAc2cos(ωs+ωct+cos(ωs-ωct))Xω=AsAcπ(δω+ωs+ωc+δω-ωs-ωc)There are two distinct frequencies are (ωs+ωc) ‚-ωs+ωcc) AdAsAccos2πfct+ϕcos2πfstcos2πfc
Premium Phase Modulation Wave
invisible information through thin air and can listen to the information from a significant distance away is enough to overwhelm people. However‚ the operation of the radio is quite simple when you look at all the components of the transmission and demodulation of radio waves. Sound waves are the single most important aspect of everything that we hear. Sounds are made because of moving fluctuations in the air. When you are listening to your iPod‚ waves of different frequencies and different amplitudes
Premium Radio