1 A Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm for Nonconvex Economic Dispatch Problem Eiman Sayedi‚ Malihe M. Farsangi‚ Mohammad Barati‚ and Kwang Y. Lee‚ Fellow‚ IEEE al. in [3]. To improve the performance of the SFL algorithm‚ a chaos search is combined with SFL by Li‚ et al. in [4]. In [5]‚ a new frog leaping rule is introduced and the direction and the length of each frog’s jump are extended by emulating frog’s perception and action uncertainties. Zhen‚ et al. in [6]‚ introduced a new leaping
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Discovery of New Poison Dart Frog Biologists have discovered a new species of dart frog in the headwaters of the Rio Cano in Panama. This newly found frog has been named Andinobates geminisae after Geminis Vargas. Geminis Vargas is the wife of Marco Ponce who supported him toward the discovery of the new dart frog species. The new dart frog is very small about 12.7 millimeters in length and it is about the same size of a fingernail. Although the new dart frog is very small in size; it contains
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Population Revision Notes * Population distribution is how a population is spread (distributed) over an area of land. * Population density is the average number of people living in an area‚ given as people per square kilometer. The equation is Population Density = * The terms densely populated and sparsely populated are used to refer to areas with high and low population densities. * The term population density refers to the average number of people in the area and tells is nothing
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Currently‚ frog populations around the world are declining. Due to the nature of their life cycles and physiology‚ frogs are very sensitive to environmental changes. Frogs are born in the water as tadpoles. Frogs move onto land for their adult lives. This makes them vulnerable to changes in aquatic habitat availability. This also makes them vulnerable to changes in terrestrial habitat availability. Their aquatic habitats are drying out‚ in areas that are becoming more prone to drought. Frogs are also
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human population? The human population is more than 5 billion. It is the most abundant species which has a great competition from the insects and fishes. The human beings are adapted to the climate and edaphic factors. Most of the animals have a specific breeding period. But human beings and a few domestic animals have no such specifications. The animals with the specific period of breeding are frog‚ lion‚ deer and parrot. The human beings are quite active reproductively. Their population has raised
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The word “Population Growth” has its origin from the latin words ‘Populus’ meaning people. According to ecological term; “population is group of people of the same species occupying a particular space”. Population is subdivided further into demes or local population which is group of interbreeding organism in demes; they share a common gene pool. Population density is defined as a number of individual per unit area or per unit volume of environment. When the size of the individual is uniform the
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Dyeing Poison Frog The Dendrobates tinctorius‚ also known as the dyeing poison frog was first discovered in 1797 by G. Cuvier. The Scientific classification of this amphibian is: Kingdom-Animalia‚ Phylum- Chordata‚ Class- Amphibia‚ Order-Anura‚ Family- Dendrobatidae‚ Genus- Dendrobates‚ Species- D. tinctorius. These are large poison frogs ranging from 40 to 50 mm and some females can reach to 60 mm. The dyeing poison frog is a bright blue frog with two broad yellow stripes on the back. The
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Foraging behaviour in tadpoles of the bronze frog Rana temporalis: Experimental evidence for the ideal free distribution DHEERAJ K VEERANAGOUDAR‚ BHAGYASHRI A SHANBHAG and SRINIVAS K SAIDAPUR* Department of Zoology‚ Karnatak University‚ Dharwad 580 003‚ India *Corresponding author (Fax‚ 91-836-2448047; Email‚ saidapur@hotmail.com) The ability of bronze frog Rana temporalis tadpoles (pure or mixed parental lines) to assess the profitability of food habitats and distribute themselves accordingly
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1. Populations in Transition 1.1 – Population Change Explain population trends and patterns in births and fertility in contrasting regions of the world Crude Birth Rate (CBR)= total number of births The CBR does not take into account the age and sex structure of a population. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)= Average number of children born to a women in her lifetime Case Studies: Higher fertility in LEDC’s‚ resulting in youthful populations [2nd and 3rd stage of demographic transition model] ie. Early
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Results from the U.S. Bureau of the Census displays that there are 7.6 percent or 46 million elderly people in the year of 2000. The elderly is categorized as old which are persons between the ages of 60 to 79‚ as well as the oldest-old population consist of persons 80 and above. Facing the high percentage of elderly people in the United States‚ there will be several challenges that will have to be confronted. (Yang 15). First‚ the decline of fertility relates to the increasing number of older people
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