Ø HOW IS COAL FORMED? Coal is a complex mixture of compounds of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ oxygen along with small amounts of nitrogen and sulphur compounds and some free carbon. Most of our coal was formed about 300 million years ago when much of the earth was covered by steamy swamps. Eventually bacterial and chemical action at high temperature and pressure inside the earth gradually changed the materials to coal. The slow chemical process of the conversion of wood into coal by a biochemical process
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This page intentionally left blank SEPARATION PROCESS PRINCIPLES Chemical and Biochemical Operations THIRD EDITION J. D. Seader Department of Chemical Engineering University of Utah Ernest J. Henley Department of Chemical Engineering University of Houston D. Keith Roper Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering University of Arkansas John Wiley & Sons‚ Inc. Vice President and Executive Publisher: Don Fowley Acquisitions Editor: Jennifer Welter Developmental Editor:
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Fermentation of Carbohydrates: Ethanol from Sucrose Objective: To demonstrate a fermentation process‚ isolate the ethanol produced by fractional distillation‚ determine the composition of the ethanol solution recovered‚ and make stoichiometric and yield calculations. Procedures: Fermentation Weigh out 20.0 g of sucrose and place it into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 100 mL of water and gently shake until all the sucrose has dissolved. To this solution add 0.60 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
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technique‚ identify the components by their retention times‚ and compute for the concentration and percentage content of each component by their peak areas and peak heights. The volatile oil from eucalyptus leaves was isolated with the use of steam distillation setup‚ then using a separatory funnel to pipette out the extract from the distillate. A gas chromatography‚ with nitrogen gas as the carrier gas and a flame ionization detector‚ was used to separate and characterize the components of the essential
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matter Pure substance Element Compound Mixture Homogenous Heterogeneous colloid Suspension True solution MATTER Everything in the Universe is made up of MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE The substance which contains same kind of Atom or Molecule i] element A pure substance which contain same kind of Atom ii] compound A pure substance which contain same kind of Atom or Molecule but made up of different Atoms through a Chemical bound Mixture Mixture are constitutor by more than one kind of pure
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| Distillation is defined as: `Distillation is based on the fact that the vapor of a boiling mixture will be richer in the components that have lower boiling points.Therefore‚ when this vapor is cooled and condensed‚ the condensate will contain more volatile components. At the same time‚ the original mixture will contain more of the less volatile material. Distillation columns are designed to achieve this separation efficiently.Although many people have a fair idea what “distillation” means‚ the
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the least reactive of the organic compounds. The main source is crude oil. Hydrocarbon- a compound consisting only of hydrogen and carbon Saturated- Contain single carbon -carbon bonds only Unsaturated-contains a C=C bond Petroleum fraction- mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar chain length and boiling range The general formula for is CnH2n+2 (for ring alkanes is CnH2n) Physical properties Polarity They are almost non-polar because the electronegitivities of carbon(2.5) and hydrogen(2
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drying tube. Isopentyl alcohol‚ glacial acid sulfuric acid is added to a 25 milliliter round bottom flask and attached to the reflux apparatus. The mixture was boiled‚ the extracted first using water followed by aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was dried using anhydrous granular sodium sulfate. After dried‚ the sample was placed in a distillation apparatus and heated. This resulted in 1.8g of pure isopentyl acetate‚ a 44% yield. Introduction Isopentyl acetate is yielded by combining isopentyl
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cyclohexene. Simple distillation set-up is assembled. (See Figure 1). Exactly 6.0mL of cyclohexanol is weighed in a quick-fit one-necked pear shaped flask. 1.50mL of 85% H3PO4 is measured using the 2mL pipet and added to the weighed cyclohexanol. Another 0.25mL of concentrated H2SO4 is also added. The reagents are mixed using stirring rod. Glass beads were added after it was shake very well. The heat regulator was switched to 5 or 6 and allowed to distill at 130-140°C until 0.50mL of the mixture was left in
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In conclusion to the distillation lab‚ I think our data shows that our experiment went well. Our graph resembles the graph in the lab handout (graphs attached to lab notebook sheets). The fractional distillation shows the sharp slope between when the cyclohexane burns off and mostly only toluene remains. The microscale graph seems to be accurate because it shows the large jump where the cyclohexane is burned off. To view the apparatuses used in the experiment look at the attached pictures. To
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