effector functions. One of the several means of protection of the body against pathogens is the activation of B cells and their generation of antibodies. These antibodies can be involved in four main functions: neutralization‚ opsonization‚ complement fixation and mediation of cytotoxicity. Neutralizing antibodies are the ones that block pathogens from gaining access to the cell by binding to receptors that the pathogen uses for this purpose. In other words‚ certain viruses like HIV and influenza
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skin and mucus membranes with regards to microbial defenses. Section Reference 1: Section 19.1 The Skin‚ Mucus Membranes‚ and Eyes 4) Mucus membranes: a) produce an oily secretion called sebum b) contain keratin‚ a waterproofing protein c) trap pathogens in a thick watery secretion of glycoproteins and electrolytes d) are distributed with sweat glands that lower the pH of the membranes Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: LO 19.1 Review the anatomy of the skin and mucus membranes with
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Biology notes The search for better health Discuss the difficulties of defining the terms ‘health’ and ‘disease’ - Disease is any condition that impairs normal living processes and is recognised by the presence of specific symptoms - Many diseases are best understood as a disturbance of homeostasis - Health is a state of complete physical‚ mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - ‘Health’ and ‘disease’ are not always easy terms to define - For example‚ someone
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The Bubonic Plague In Europe during the late 1340s‚ almost 25 million people died. During the Great Plague of London in the 1660s‚ one in every five people died. This was all caused by one deadly disease‚ the Bubonic Plague (National Geographic). The Bubonic Plague attacks a body system called the immune system. This disease’s structure and function cause this body system to malfunction and will also cause many awful problems and symptoms in the body. Imagine what it would be like if an outbreak
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little bit of a disease pathogen that is weak or dead. This little bit of the pathogen inside your body makes your body’s defense system build antibodies to fight off this kind of pathogen. Antibodies help trap and kill pathogens that could lead to disease. Antibodies remember how to fight off the pathogen if the real pathogen that causes the disease‚ not the vaccine‚ enters the body during your life. More than likely antibodies defense system remember how to fight a pathogen for the rest of the person’s
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Healthcare acquired infections also known as nosocomial infections are defined as an infection obtained by a patient 48 hours or later after admission into a healthcare service. Any infections thought to be obtained prior to 48 hours are considered to be obtained within the community (Gould et al‚ 2000). This standard of the 48 hour inoculation period is however arbitrary as it has remained the standard for many years despite the variable rate of incubation in different bacteria (Ami et al‚ 2003)
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Worksheet The Immune System: Immune System Overview 1. Pathogens are classified according to their size and where they are located in the body. List the five types of pathogens from largest to smallest: • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ 2. Which type of pathogen is always intracellular? ________________ Which type of pathogen is always extracellular? ________________ 3. Name the
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response elicited by this primary exposure to vaccine pathogen creates immunological memory‚ which involves the generation of a pool of immune cells that will recognize the pathogen and mount a more robust or secondary response upon subsequent exposure to the virus or bacterium. In successful immunization‚ the secondary immune response is sufficient to prevent disease in the infected individual‚ as well as prevent the transmission of the pathogen to others. For communicable diseases‚ immunizations
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REVISION COMMON TYPES OF MICROBES 1 BACTERIA Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Shapes of bacteria and examples What shapes have you learnt? GRAM STAIN: The process! You should work on your lab notes. LECTURE 2 GRAM STAIN Developed by a Danish called Christian Gram in 1884 Stain a heat-fixed smear with a dye like crystal violet and fix with Iodine Then wash with ethanol or acetone Finally counterstain with a dye of different colour such as safranin (what is its colour
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immunization program‚ STD prevention‚ and global populations and infectious disease prevention. 7. Laboratory sciences: focuses on clinical microbiology lab‚ biological threat response lab‚ quality assurance‚ and environmental microbiology and molecular foodborne
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