There are quite a few variations between normal and tumor cell division. Normal cell division can be broken into four phases: G1‚ S‚ G2‚ and M. During the G1 phase‚ RNAs are produced‚ proteins are synthesized and through the P53 gene (also known as the “Guardian of the Genome”)‚ cells are checked for damage and those that are found are forced to go through apoptosis where the cells are forced to “commit suicide” to prevent replication. Through the S phase‚ the DNA is duplicated and in the G2 phase
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the size of tumors and slow down the progression of this disease. One of the more remarkable drugs out now is the drug Sunitinib malate or Sutent for short. Sutent is mainly used in patients with advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma also known as hypernephroma is defined as a malignant tumor resembling the tissue of the suprarenal gland and occurring in the kidneys. Fever‚ loin pain‚ haematuria‚ and swelling are among the presenting symptoms‚ but the tumor may be symptomless
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“Each Year in the United States about one-hundred and fifty-thousand patients develop cancer of the colon or rectum. Around fifty percent of these patients will either have a cancer that has already spread to the liver or they will come back in future years with metastatic cancer to the liver.” Liver cancer‚ or other known as Hepatocellular Carcinoma‚ is a cancer residing in the liver. There are other cancers like metastatic cancer that starts at other organs then spreads to the liver. Being the
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and the omentum‚ a portion of the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity. In younger women caught at an early stage‚ it is not always necessary to remove both ovaries and the uterus. The goal of surgery is to optimally debulk‚ which means to leave no tumor larger than 1 cm. In epithelial ovarian cancers this may require removal of parts of neighboring organs like the colon or
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Once the SLN is localized‚ a suture is placed through the node to provide traction. The node is then dissected free from the surrounding tissue. All feeding blood vessels‚ afferent and efferent lymphatics may be ligated. Using the radiocolloid method‚ the gamma probe is used to locate any other SLNs and to confirm low radioactivity counts in the axilla and no residual SLNs. Ex vivo and in vivo radioactivity counts are recorded for each node. The axillary tissue is also carefully palpated for any
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The cancer that begins in the basal cells is called basal cell cancer or basal cell carcinoma. Benign: not cancerous‚ also called non-malignant. Malignant tumor is a cancerous growth.For example‚ fibroadenoma is a benign tumor of breast whereas as adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor of the breast. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: this is a non-cancerous condition of prostate where there is overgrowth of prostate tissue. Biological therapy: this is a type of treatment that
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prognosis. There are three stages of RCC: the first stage is when the tumor is encapsulated on the adrenal gland. The second stage is when the tumor begins to invade peritoneal fat. The third and final stage is when the tumor goes into the renal vein or regional lymphatic vessels. During Stage I the tumor can be removed with very little negative side effects‚ as it progresses through the stages it becomes harder to get the entire tumor‚ which decreases the prognosis. Metastatic RCC is highly resistant
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Breast Cancer Cancer is a disease that affects millions of individuals each year‚ however‚ breast cancer‚ the second most common type of cancer among women‚ is particularly frightening. Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the breast tissue. It is considered a diverse disease‚ contrary to age and family history. According to the National Cancer Institute‚ an anticipated 182‚460 women will be diagnosed with and 40‚480 women will die of cancer of the breast in 2008. Although
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blood or other organs[2] and eventually they form a tumor.[1] Typically‚ lymphoma presents as a solid tumor of lymphoid cells. Treatment might involve chemotherapy and in some cases radiotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation‚ and lymphomas can be curable depending on the histology‚ type‚ and stage of the disease.[3] These malignant cells often originate in lymph nodes‚ presenting as an enlargement of the node (a tumor). It can also affect other organs in which case it is
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Story of Pediatric Children Children are wonders of the world. They bring joy‚ happiness and laughter to their parents. As we all know‚ not all children are perfect and some of them are called special children. These special children are mostly kids with a disease or imperfect in the sense of health. As we can define the disease are such as cancer‚ cardiomyopathy‚ down syndrome‚ autism and many others. For children who requires special attention from the experts‚ they are placed in a special
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