Article history: Received 16 September 2008 Received in revised form 16 June 2009 Accepted 17 June 2009 Available online 23 June 2009 Keywords: Supercritical CO2 Lipid Fatty acid Extraction method Food application a b s t r a c t Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) offers an alternative method to conventional extraction of fatty acids. SFE was developed for analytical application in the mid-1980s in response to the desire to reduce the use of organic solvents in the laboratory environment‚ and it is
Premium Fatty acid
Main factors affect the refined oil yield: 1‚ the alkali refining loss (1) for removal of colloid in hair oil‚ free fatty acid‚ moisture‚ impurities and other form of loss; (2) in the process caused by the loss of neutral oil saponification‚ emulsification; (3) theoretical calculation formula: alkali refining losses = 0.2 + 1.25 x (FFA % % + water + phosphatide content % % + 0.3% + impurities) 2‚ decoloring loss mainly for adsorption bleaching waste clay in oil absorption caused by the loss
Premium Hydrogen Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen
------------------------------------------------- Lipid Structures of some common lipids. At the top are cholesterol[1] and oleic acid.[2] The middle structure is a triglyceride composed of oleoyl‚ stearoyl‚ and palmitoyl chains attached to a glycerol backbone. At the bottom is the common phospholipid‚ phosphatidylcholine.[3] Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats‚ waxes‚ sterols‚ fat-solublevitamins (such as vitamins A‚ D‚ E‚ and K)‚ monoglycerides
Premium Cholesterol Fatty acid Glycerol
research‚ edible rice bran oil used as test material and converted into methyl ester and non-edible jatropha vegetable oil is converted into jatropha oil methyl ester‚ which are known as biodiesel and they are prepared in the presence of homogeneous acid catalyst and optimized their operating parameters like reaction temperature‚ quantity of alcohol and the catalyst requirement‚ stirring rate and time of esterification. In the second step‚ the physical properties such as density‚ flash point‚ kinematic
Premium Biodiesel Fatty acid Diesel engine
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family‚ Euphorbiaceae‚ established by Carl Linnaeus in 1737. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by George Eberhard Rumphius. The common names for this genus are rush foil and croton‚ but the latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. The generic name comes from the Greek κροτον (kroton)‚ which means "tick" and refers to the shape of the seeds of certain species (Gledhill‚ 2008).
Premium Fatty acid Sodium hydroxide
window panes‚ bulbs &tumblers in soda glass. Soaps: [pic] Soaps are the detergents used since long. Soaps used for cleaning purpose are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids‚ e.g.‚ stearic‚ oleic and palmitic acids. Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e.‚ glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as
Premium Sodium hydroxide Nutrition Fatty acid
This process occurs with the aid of the stomach‚ the digestive glands and the intestines that produce various enzymes‚ including pepsin‚ and acid. The enzyme pepsin is responsible for breaking down protein‚ the trauma of the stomach will put the patient at risk of malabsorption and malnutrition. The liver function by Filtering the blood coming from the digestive tract‚ before sending it through
Premium Fat Unsaturated fat Nutrition
Food colours (ii) Flavours and sweeteners (iii) Fat emulsifiers and stabilising agents (iv) Flour improvers – antistaling agents and bleaches (v) Antioxidants (vi) Preservatives (vii) Nutritional supplements such as minerals‚ vitamins and amino acids. Except for chemicals of category (vii)‚ none of the above additives have nutritive value. These are added either to increase the shelf life of stored food or for cosmetic purposes. In this Section we will discuss only sweeteners and food preservatives
Premium Sodium hydroxide Soap Sodium
Review for Microbiology Test #1 (Lesson 1-5) Lesson 1 What is the #1 killer of man worldwide? Heart Disease. What is the #3 killer in the US? Infectious Disease. What is the importance of MO in our world? List 6-8 reasons MO are important. Can’t live in Germ Free World‚ Keeps Economy running‚ Agriculture‚ Medication‚ Baking‚ Cosmetics‚ Paints‚ Fertilizers‚ Helps develop immune system‚ Decomposition of dead plants and animals to enrich the soil. What are the 4 groups of people most prone to
Premium Cell Growth medium Agar plate
three classifications‚ simple‚ compound or conjugated‚ and derived lipids. Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. Compound or conjugated lipids are esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid. Derived lipids are those derived from simple/compound lipids through hydrolysis (Harper et al.‚ 1977). Christie (2010) defined lipids as fatty acids and their derivatives‚ and substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds. In
Premium Fat Ester Saponification