Chapter 1 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition An Introduction to Geology Tarbuck and Lutgens © 2014 Pearson Education‚ Inc. The Science of Geology • Geology is the science that pursues an understanding of planet Earth • Physical geology examines Earth materials and seeks to understand the many processes that operate on our planet • Historical geology seeks an understanding of the origin of Earth and its development through time © 2014 Pearson Education‚ Inc
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Equilibrium phase composition of the system is calculated as a function of existing conditions. This article primarily explains the theory and method of thermodynamic modeling as applied to magmatic systems. The use of thermodynamic modeling in igneous petrology as an approach complimentary to the conventional geochemical modeling is also explored. 1|Page Introduction Magmas are the hot molten bodies produced by melting events within solid Earth. Most magmas exist as physically heterogeneous
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our planet over time through rocks. Rocks are divided into three major classifications; • Igneous- rocks created by volcanism and the cooling/ crystallization of magma. • Sedimentary- rocks created by the compaction and cementation of sediment created by the weathering of pre-existing rocks of igneous‚ metamorphic or sedimentary origin. • Metamorphic- rocks that are formed by metamorphosing pre-existing rocks through heat and pressure. Metamorphic rocks can be made from any of the
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producer. [3 marks] i. _________________________________ ii. _________________________________ iii _________________________________ 5) In the rock cycle shown in the figure below‚ give the name of the rock that marked as (a)‚ (b)‚ and (c). [3 marks] (b) (c) (a) 6) What is clastic sedimentary rock and list down two examples of this rock. [4 marks] __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _
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Module 3 (Lesson 6) Lab Quiz Questions 1. What mineral composition is most characteristic of felsic rocks? a. olivine‚ pyroxene‚ and calcium-rich plagioclase NO b. orthoclase‚ quartz‚ and biotite c. calcium-rich plagioclase and hornblende with some olivine d. particles of volcanic ash welded together 2. What mineral composition is most characteristic of mafic rocks? a. olivine‚ pyroxene‚ and calcium-rich plagioclase b. orthoclase‚ quartz‚ and biotite c. sodium-rich plagioclase‚ hornblende
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in better understanding the earth integrate chemistry‚ physics‚ and biology into the following sciences: Meteorology - the study of: the atmosphere weather and climate Geology - the study of the Earth‚ and is broken into Physical geology minerals rocks Earth processes - mountain building‚ earthquakes‚ volcanoes‚ etc. Historical geology - Earth’s origin and it’s past physical biological Oceanography - study of the Oceans Composition and movement of seawater Seafloor topography and sea life Astronomy
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Telling Geologic Time Putting it in perspective Determining geological ages • Relative age dates – placing rocks and events in their proper sequence of formation • Numerical dates – specifying the actual number of years that have passed since an event occurred (known as absolute age dating) Figure 1-15 (p. 16) Geologic Time Scale. Uniformitarianism The physical‚ biological and chemical principles acting on the Earth in the present also acted on the Earth in the past
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1. Compare the age of igneous rock found near the mid-ocean ridge with that of igneous rock found farther away from the ridge. The ages of the igneous rock found near the mid-ocean ridge was younger than the igneous rock found farther away from the ridge. This is because of convection currents. Magma rises because it is less dense. It is forced out of the ridge‚ it spreads apart‚ and when it cools‚ it becomes new seafloor. This is why newer seafloor (igneous rock) is younger when it is closer to
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References: Strickler‚ M. (1997‚ April 1). What are the 3 basic types of rocks? Retrieved March 10‚ 2013‚ from GeoMania Community College and Secondary Curriculum: http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry13.html Withgott‚ J.‚ & Brennan‚ S. (2011). Environment: The science behind the stories (4th ed.). Upper Saddle
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inside the Earth Igneous rocks- the result of crystallization or freezing of magma (molten material) Sediment- Material (such as gravel‚ sand‚ mud‚ and lime) that is transported and deposited by wind‚ water‚ ice‚ or gravity; material that is precipitated from solution; deposits of organic origin (such as coal and coral reefs). Sedimentary rocks- rocks made up of pieces of other rocks. We call the pieces of rock "clasts" (Clast means "broken piece"). A clast is a piece of rock broken off of another
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