A critical look at the Communicative Approach (1) Michael Swan This (the first of two articles) examines some of the more theoretical ideas underlying the ‘Communicative Approach‘. These include the belief that we should teach ‘use’ as well as ‘meaning; and some attitudes regarding the teaching of ‘skills’ and ‘strategies’. A second article will deal with more pedagogical aspects of the approach‚ especially the idea of a ‘semantic syllabus’ and the question of ‘authenticity’ in materials and methodology
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Objectivist way of approach addresses further logical reasoning‚ compared to subjectivist sense of defining and identifying social problems claims that “issues become problems once society sees or decides they are harmful” (Lecture: “Defining Social Problems”). Objective method seeks a link between certain social problems‚ like in the lecture‚ it gives an example of health and obesity. Critics argue that people with obesity is harming condition as they cost society millions of dollars in health
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The contingency approach to management emerged from the real life experience of managers who found that no single approach worked consistently in every situation. The basic idea of this approach is that number management technique or theory is appropriate in all situations. The main determinants of a contingency are related to the external and internal environment of an organisation. The process‚ quantitative‚ behavioural‚ and systems approaches to management did not integrate the environment. The
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Learning approach for first year students in university The essay examines the comparison of surface approach and deep approach used in university students. As a fact‚ many first year students‚ regardless of majors‚ adopt surface approaches to learning. However‚ universities encourage students to accept a deep approach to learn rather than surface approach. Therefore‚ many first year students face a challenge to use which approach to achieve high academic grades. The essay presents the two opposite
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Cognitive approach The cognitive approach focuses on the way information is processed by humans. It looks at how we as individuals treat information and how it leads to responses. Cognitive psychologists study internal processes such as attention‚ language‚ memory‚ thinking and perception. The main assumption of this approach is that in when information is received it is then processed by the brain and this processing directs how we as individuals behave or justify why we behave the way we
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Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers agreed with the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs‚ biological and humanistic approach. “The hierarchy of needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation‚ management training‚ and personal development” (Orana‚ 2009). Maslow’s book Personality and Motivation were published in 1954 introducing his theory of the hierarchy of needs. Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) the hierarchy of needs was introduced
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DAGMAR is Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results. It is basically an approach to advertising planning and a precise method for selecting and quantifying goals and for using those goals to measure performance. Russel H. Colley (1961) pioneered this approach where to establish an explicit link between ad goals and ad results‚ Colley distinguished 52 advertising goals that might be used with respect to a single advertisement‚ a year’s campaign for a product or a company’s entire
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Leadership Approach Paper Eli Griffin LDR/531Organizational Leadership July 31‚ 2012 Norma Sutton Leadership Approach Paper This paper will indicate one of the major approaches in the studying of leadership. The paper will indicate the strengths and weaknesses that are a part of the chosen leadership approach. The paper will also indicate an example of an organization currently using the chosen leadership approach. According to Leadership Theories and Studies (2012)‚”Leadership is probably
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ethical. Our own pre-Civil War slavery laws and the apartheid laws of South Africa are examples that deviate from what is ethical. Finally‚ being ethical is not the same as doing “whatever society accepts.” In any society‚ most people accept standards that are ethical. But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. Nazi Germany is good example of a morally corrupt society. Moreover‚ if being ethical were to do “whatever society
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the relationship behveen approach and method and present a model for the description‚ arialysis‚ and comparison of methods. Approach and method When linguists and language specialists sought to improve the quality of language teaching in the late nineteenth century‚ they often did so by referring to general
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