The act of communicating during counseling sessions consists of sending and receiving messages simultaneously. When either of these acts‚ i.e. sending or receiving are interrupted‚ or distorted the quality of communications is degraded. Consequently‚ counselors must maintain a personal and interpersonal awareness of their client’s attentiveness of both elements and in tune when either element is lacking that contributes to effective communication. Conversely‚ the counselors should adjust to their
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a ’pre-modern’ or ’traditional’ to a ’modern’ society. Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization that a nation goes through as it transitions from a traditional society to a modern one. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that‚ with assistance‚ "traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have. Modernisation theory also attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social
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The Evolution of Leadership Theory David A. Van Seters Stevenson‚ Kellogg‚ Ernst & Whinney‚ Vancouver‚ British Columbia and Evolution of Leadership Theory 29 Richard H.G. Field University of Alberta‚ Edmonton‚ Canada Leadership is one of the most complex and multifaceted phenomena to which organisational and psychological research has been applied. While the term "leader" was noted as early as the 1300s (The Oxford English Dictionary‚ 1933) and conceptualised even before biblical times
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described in the big five theory of personality. This trait is characterized by sociability‚ assertiveness‚ emotional expressiveness and excitability. People who are high in this trait are often described as being outgoing ad talkative‚ while those low in this trait are described as quiet and reserved. An extroverted disposition ; concern with what is outside the self rather what is inside. Introversion is one of the major personality traits identified in many theories of personality. People who
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Theory X‚ Theory Y by Douglas McGregor is a motivation theory. Douglas McGregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called Theory X and Theory Y. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. In his book‚ The Human Side of Enterprise‚ he outlined a new role for managers. He stated that managers should assist subordinates in reaching their full potential‚ rather than commanding and controlling. Theory X is negative and Theory Y can
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Philip Lau‚ writer of the essay‚ “The Limitations of Wikipedia”‚ is successful in persuading his readers that the webpage Wikipedia should not be used for college level research. In his essay‚ Philip states that‚ “Wikipedia can be a beneficial starting point in gaining general information on a subject but users should be wary of incorrect information”. The essayist’s use of examples‚ facts and quotes are what makes his argument so convincing. The writer wrote this essay to warn fellow college
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Philosophy Ego Theory and Bundle Theory Derek Parfit’s views on personal identity and the Ego and Bundle Theory are all summarized in his article “Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons”. In his article‚ Parfit explains the distinction between Ego theory and Bundle theory and provides several arguments against Ego Theory. Although it proves to be very difficult to believe the Bundle Theory‚ Parfit’s critique is convincing and well thought out. In order to defend the Bundle Theory of personal identity
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1. What is a scientific theory? Please cite a definition you like. As Watson stated in "The Value of Theories"‚ a scientific theory is a systematic explanation that unifies various observed phenomena and facts. Based on observations we make‚ science operates under theories which are constantly revised and checked by experiment. A scientific theory also possesses many vital qualities for true understanding. 2. What is the difference between a scientific theory and common sense ideas about the same
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Theory X and Theory Y represent two sets of assumptions about human nature and human behavior that are relevant to the practice of management. Theory X represents a negative view of human nature that assumes individuals generally dislike work‚ are irresponsible‚ and require close supervision to do their jobs. Theory Y denotes a positive view of human nature and assumes individuals are generally industrious‚ creative‚ and able to assume responsibility and exercise self-control in their jobs. One would
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The three types of theories I chose are Behaviorism‚ Psychodynamic‚ and Humanistic. I chose these three because they intrigue me the most. Psychodynamic psychology was one of the first types of theories created. The first studies were published by Sigmund Freud in 1895. The next one out of these three created was Behaviorism. In 1913 John Watson presents behavioristic views. Last was Humanistic psychology created in 1943 when Abraham Maslow publishes "A Theory of Human Motivation." (Coon‚ 2006‚ pg
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