(2009)‚ Chapter 28: Taking the Tour: Recommended AP Experiments‚ AP Chemistry for Dummies‚ Wiley Publishing‚ Inc.‚ Indiana‚ p. 294. Olson‚ J.S Sizer‚ I.W. & Peacock‚ A.C. 1947‚ The ultraviolet absorption of serum albumin and of its constituents ’ amino acids as a function of pH‚ PhD thesis‚ Massachusetts Institute of Technology‚ Cambridge. Stewart‚ K.K. & Ebel‚ R.E. 2000‚ Chemical Measurements in Biological Systems‚ John Wiley & Sons‚ Inc‚ New York.
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available in the course. Please use the book‚ PPT lecture handouts‚ and internet to answer the following six questions: Question 1 (8 points) Mr. Tony‚ a biology teacher‚ gives his student Ziad four samples and tells him they are lysine (an amino acid)‚ lactose (a disaccharide)‚ insulin (a protein hormone)‚ and RNA. The samples are in test tubes marked 1‚ 2‚ 3‚ and 4‚ but Ziad is not told which compound is in which tube. He is asked to identify the contents of each tube. a. In his first test
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AT END OF CHAPTERS UNIT 1 Macromolecules * Large molecules sometimes composed of a large number of repeating subunits * Four major classes: Carbohydrates (made of simple sugar/glucose)‚ Lipids (Glycerol and Fatty Acids)‚ Proteins (Amino Acids) and Nucleic Acids (Nucleotides) * Condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis: a reaction that creates a covalent bond between two interacting subunits. Removal of H from one functional group and an OH from the other‚ and the H come together
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employed. Appropriate quantification techniques should also be used to obtain more accurate results. Discussion of Data and Results Proteins are a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds considered as one of the basic functional units essential to life. Among its many roles include the transport of neutral molecules‚ ions and electrons such as hemoglobin that transports oxygen; the formation of biological materials such as muscle‚ hair and bone; or the regulation of activity by binding
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then refluxed for 21 hrs to form amine group which is replaced by nitro group‚ finally they added acid chloride 6 to 17 then the amine group attack the electrophilic carbon (the carbon near to Cl) and eliminate Cl
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proteins less negative because the amino acids are protonated at equilibrium. Because the glycine moves slower than chloride ion‚ a Gly-chloride ion boundary is formed. But‚ glycine still runs little bit faster than other proteins. Therefore‚ the proteins are trapped between chloride ion and glycine. A very tight band is formed inside the stacking gel by the
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program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures. J App Cryst 26‚ 283–291. 24. Wiederstein‚ M. and Sippl‚ M.J. (2007) ProSA-web: interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 35‚ W407–W410. 26. Hart‚ P.J.‚ Balbirnie‚ M.M.‚ Ogihara‚ N.L.‚ et al. (1999) Nersissian AM‚ Weiss MS‚ Valentine JS‚ Eisenberg D. A structure-based mechanism for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. Biochemistry 38‚ 2167–2178. 27. Ko‚ T.P.‚ Safo‚ M
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move in and hydrophobic AAs move out toward the nonpolar solvent Heavy metals – positively charged metals do oxidation reduction reactions with the SH groups of cysteine pH change- changes the amines and COOH AAs to destroy ionic bonding | Amino acids | Helix | Protofilament | α-Keratin | Aliphatic (hydrophobic) | R-handed | L-handed4(2chains) | β-Keratin & Fibroin | Every other AA glycine | β-sheets | - | Collagen | Gly-X-Y Hydroxyproline/lysine | L-handed | R-handed(3chains) |
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Enzymes Enzymes are… * Biological catalysts Lower the energy level needed for a biochemical reaction to occur. This energy level is called activation energy. * Proteins Polypeptide chains made up of 100’s-1000’s of amino acids in a specific sequence. * Do not get “used up” in a reaction The number of “uses” of an enzyme depends on the enzyme. * Work more efficiently at certain optimum temperatures. * They are “reaction-specific”. Each enzyme is included in one reaction.
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hydrogen bonds. dipole-diople interactions. ionic interactions. London dispersion forces. 2. Which of the following amino acids could form a hydrogen-bonding interaction between their R groups? a) Glutamine and Alanine b) Glutamine and Valine c) Glutamine and Phenylalanine d) Glutamine and Isoleucine e) Glutamine and Tryptophan 3. There are several amino acid side chains that are always charged at physiological pH. These are: a) b) c) d) Gln‚ Asn‚ Lys‚ and Arg. Glu‚ Asp‚ Lys
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