is used for controlling the flow of data when congestion has actually occurred. Error control It is the process of detecting and correcting both the bit level and packet level errors. The network is responsible for transmission of data from one device to another device. The end to end transfer of data from a transmitting application to a receiving application involves many steps‚ each subject to error. With the error control process‚ we can be confident that the transmitted and received data are
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Servers..…………10 1.4. Structure of Routers‚ LANs and WANs……………….………...14 Chapter Two: Communication 2.1. Client Server and Peer to Peer Protocols………..….…….…18 2.2. Common BAS protocols……………………….….…………………….22 2.3. Identify data error detection and correction….….…...….27 2.4. Evaluation of HMI/OMI‚ SCADA systems and OPC….…..32 Chapter Three: Measurement 3.1. Advanced PLC functions….………………………………………………37 3.2. A-D and D-A conversion….……………………………………………..38 3.3. Evaluation of Control
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Mrs.V.Thulasibai B.E.‚ M.S. 22-07-02 (Asst. Professor) Department of Electronics and Communication‚ Sri Sairam Engineering College. LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION I have known S.DAVIDSON SUNDARSINGH for the past four years and have handled for him Solid-state circuits‚ Analog Modulation and Systems‚ Computer Communications and the related laboratories. In addition I have been his class counsellor for the same period. He stood 2nd in a class of 66 in the course
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introducing additional spatial channels that are exploited by using space-time coding. In this article‚ we survey the environmental factors that affect MIMO capacity. These factors include channel complexity‚ external interference‚ and channel estimation error. We discuss examples of space-time codes‚ including space-time low-density parity-check codes and spacetime turbo codes‚ and we investigate receiver approaches‚ including multichannel multiuser detection (MCMUD). The ‘multichannel’ term indicates that
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Convolution codes and viterbi algorithm Name Rahul Kumar Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Lovely Professional University‚ Kapurthala‚ Punjab. Abstract:- A convolutional code is a type of error-correcting code in which each m-bit information symbol (each m-bit string) to be encoded is transformed into an n-bit symbol‚ where m/n is the code rate (n ≥ m) and the transformation is a function of the last k information symbols‚ where k is the constraint length of the code.
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Modulation (DPCM) Characteristics of DPCM quantization errors Predictive coding gain Adaptive intra-interframe DPCM Conditional Replenishment Bernd Girod: EE398B: Image Communication II DPCM no. 1 Principle of DPCM input s + e quantizer + s predictor + s’ e’ entropy coder channel coder output s’ + predictor s + e’ entropy decoder channel decoder Prediction error Reconstruction Reconstruction error = quantization error e= s−s ˆ s ′ = e′ + s ˆ s′ − s = e′ −
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probability of loss or error. Unacknowledged networks provide simpler and faster communication for networks that are inherently reliable or provide service to higher layers that can tolerate information loss. 2. Explain the difference between connection-oriented acknowledged service and connectionless acknowledged service. How do the protocols that provide these services differ? Solution: The use of acknowledgments can provide reliable transfer over networks that are prone to error and loss. In connection
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Society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across vast distances quickly. The natural evolution of computers and this need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global network allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second‚ and enables even the common person to access information world-wide. With the new advancements in technology there must be a set of "rules"
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References: [1] Viterbi‚ "Error bounds for convolutional codes andasymptotically optimum decoding algorithm‚" IEEE Transactions on Information theory‚ vol. It-13‚ no. 2‚ pp. 260_269‚ April 1967. Exchange Viterbi Decoder for Low-Power Wireless Communications‚” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers‚ vol. 51‚ no. 2‚ pp. 371- 378‚ February 2004. [2] Dalia A. El-Dib and M.I. Elmasry‚ “Modified Register- [3] S. B. Wicker‚ "Error Control Systems for Communication and Storage"
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for the purpose of meter readings and thus reduce the dependency on human resources. Thus the Talking Energymeter/Smart energymeter would be the an interactive representative of the company for the purpose of taking readings without involving human error. 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRIC METER An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residence‚ business organisation‚ or an institution. Electric meters are typically
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